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CYPRO-ARCHAIC |
750-475 BC
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By the Cypro-Archaic the island had attracted the attention of foreign conquerors. Sargon II of Assyria (722-705 B.C.) boasted in a stele found at Kition now located in the Berlin Museum, as well as in inscriptions found at his capital of Khorsabad, that the Cypriot cities paid him tribute (see image of Semitic Museum plaster cast below right). Esarhaddon (680-699 B.C.) also claimed to have received tribute from Cyprus, but there is no evidence that Assyrian armies ever invaded the island. The 26th Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Amasis supposedly ruled the island briefly in the sixth century B.C. but direct evidence, either written or archaeological, is lacking. After 550 B.C., Cyprus was absorbed into the Persian empire. By 521 under the rule of Darius it formed part of the Fifth Satrapy. In 499 the Ionian Revolt, an attempt to rid the Greek cities in Asia Minor of Persian domination, spread to Cyprus, only to be violently suppressed in the following year. Excavations at Palaepaphos discovered a massive stone-and-earthen siege ramp built by the Persian forces in their successful battle to take that city. |
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A Cypro-Archaic Tomb from Salamis
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| Cellarka, meaning in Greek "cells or chambers" (i.e. empty chambers of tombs), is the modern toponym for a cemetery at Salamis that held the tombs of the middle class citizens of that city from the 7th to the 4th centuries B.C. Over 100 tombs have been excavated in a small area where bedrock was at a premium. The tombs were placed very close together; in several cases, the architectural features were found on top of each other and certainly always adjacent to one another. They were cut in the hard sandstone bedrock, the chambers being rectangular to trapezoidal in plan. The side chamber, 21A (illustrated above), had a slightly peaked roof. The complex was approached from a 5-stepped entry (dromos), with walls built of large rectangular blocks, and stone slabs blocked the doorway (stomion); the dead were placed on stone couches cut from the bedrock or on the floor. Tomb 21 dates to the end of the Cypro-Archaic II period, and contains 4 skeletons, 3 on the couch to the east side and the 4th on the floor. Tomb gifts were placed at their feet and included pottery, a saucer-shaped lamp, limestone incense burner and a figurine of a horse and rider. Tomb 21A dates to the Cypro-Classical II period. Nine bodies were placed on the 2 couches; the intact skeleton which remains is the last person placed in the tomb. Here, ceramics and alabastra, common grave goods from this cemetery, were accompanied by calcified remnants of cloth. Other finds at the Cellarka cemetery include bronze mirrors and strigils, jewelry, iron knives, and coins (which often secure the date of the last burial). These two tombs were found intact by the excavators; most of the others had been extensively looted in the 19th century A.D. | |||