1990-1991
Christine Guth, "Buddhist Art Collecting in Early Meiji Japan: A Reassessment"

Jennifer Robertson (UC San Diego), "The Image of the Androdyne and Female Sexualities of Modern Japan"

Melinda Takeuchi (Stanford U.), "From Model Book to Sketch Book: Sinophiles, Europhiles, and the Explosion of Visual Thinking in 18th Century Japan"

Peter Bleed (U. of Nebraska), "Prehistoric Japan: World Center or Misty Isle?"

Thomas Rimer (U. of Maryland), "What Can Taisho Teach Us? Some Cultural Issues in Inter-War Japan"

Harno Shirane (Columbia U.), "Matsuo Basho as Haikai Poet"

Deborah Milly (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Representing the Poor: Politics and Policy in l95Os and 1960s Japan"

Joseph Tobin (U. of Hawaii), "The Japanese Preschool's Pedagogy of Self-Hood"

Brian Woodall (UC Irvine), "Pork Barrel Politics in Japan"

Thomas Berger (MIT), "Reluctant Allies: The Politics of Defense in Japan and West Germany"

Daniel Unger (Georgetown U.), "Keidanren, Keiretsu and Capitalism: Japanese Transfers to Thailand"

Edward Pratt (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Tokugawa Gono: Community Benefactors or Rapacious Villians?"

Charles Inouye (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "The 'Modern'Anti-Modern in Izumi Kyoka's 'Selling Favors for Duck Noodles'"

William Hauser (U. of Rochester), "The Human Condition: Kobayashi Masaki's Image of the Second Sino-Japanese War"

Masao Miyoshi (U. of California at San Diego), "Bashing and Cultural Criticism"

Klaus Vietze (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Information Networks in the Japanese Economy"

Elizabeth Ten Grotenhuis (Boston U.), "The White Path Crossing Two Rivers: Paintings and Gardens illustrating a Buddhist Parable"

Ken Ito (U. of Michigan), "The Burden of Filiality: Fathers and Sons in Soseki's 'Gubijinso'"

1991-1992
Edward Fowler (UC Irvine), "San'ya or Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Day Laborers But Were Too Busy Thinking of Japan as Number One to Ask"

Sumie Jones (Indiana U.), "The Ghastly and the Monstrous: The Reverse Aesthetics of Later Edo Culture"

Winston Davis (Southwestern U.), "Japanese Fundamentalism"

Karen E. Wigen (Duke U.), "Economic Development as Spatial Process), The Political Geography of Regional Change in the Southem Japanese Alps, 1763-1921"

Gary Ebersole (U. of Chicago), "The Politics of Place in Early Japan"

Galen Amstutz (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Honganji Buddhism and the Hidden Roots of Japanese Modernization"

Ezra F. Vogel (Harvard U.), "Japan and the New World Order"

De-min Tao (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Same Texts, Different Contexts), Japanese Uses of the K'ang-hsi Emperor's Teachings, 1721-1943"

Jeffrey P. Broadbent (U. of Minnesota), "Policy Networks and Influence Reputations in the Japan, United States, and German Labor Policy Domains"

Ronald Frank (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Equal but Superior: Feudal and Administrative Subordination in 16th Century Japan"

I. J. McMullen (U. of Oxford), "The Response to the Tale of Genji in 17th Century Japan"

William Samonides (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Women and Patronage in Japanese Art History: The Case of Kita no Man dokoro (1548-1624) and Kodai-ji"

Brian Woodall (Harvard U.), "Japan's Parliamentary Elite: The Changing Mix of Social Attributes"

1992-1993
Yoshihisa Tak Matsusaka (Harvard Ph.D. candidate), "Empire and National Defense: The Evolution of Japanese Army Policy in Manchuria 1905-1931"

Tomiko Narahara (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Universal Grammar and Language Variation: Pronomial Coreference Phenomena in Japanese and English"

Louise Young (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "An Empire of the Masses: Japan and Manchukuo 1932-1945v

Miriam Silverberg (UCLA), "Decolonizing the Japanese History of Modernity"

Regine Johnson (Harvard U. ), "Edo Literature: Playing with (a) Difference"

Nam-lin Hur (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Forgotten Buddhist Culture of Sensoji in the Late Edo Period"

Karl Friday (U. of Georgia), "Emasculated Warriors: Historical Revisionism and the Early Samurai"

Donald Keene (Emeritus, Columbia U.), "Japanese Writers in the West: Impressions Recorded in Meiji Diaries"

Helen Hardacre (Harvard U.), "The Maruzen Meiji Microfilm Collection Holdings on Religion: New Directions for Research"

Hiroshi Unoura (Kitasato U.), "Samurai Darwinism: Reception and Development of Social Darwinism in Early Modern Japan"

Miyeko Murase (Columbia U.), "The Scrolls of Taiheiki: The Chronicle of South-North Dynasties"

Frank Upham (Boston College Law School), "Regulation and Democracy in Japan, France, and the United States"

Arthur Stockwin (Oxford U.), "Japan's First Woman Party Leader: The Rise and Fall of Takako Doi"

Norma Field (U. of Chicago), "'Porco Rosso,' Utopian Hero of the Japanese Nineties"

Masaru Sekine (Waseda U.), "Yeats and the Noh"

Masaharu Imai (Ibaraki U.), "Religious Differences Within Shinran's Family: Toward a Reappraisal of Medieval Japanese Buddhism" (in Japanese)

Tingjiang Li (Asia U.), "The Japanese Business Community During the Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895"

Christine Guth (Princeton U.), "Nanga: Art and Politics in the Early Meiji Era"

1993-1994
Gordon Mathews (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Ikigai: The Pursuit of a Life Worth Living in Japan (and the United States)"

Ian Buruma (writer), "Between Guilt and Shame: Japanese and German Memories of World War II"

Laurel Cornell (Indiana U.), "Infanticide in Early Modern Japan"

Stefan Tanaka (Clark U.), "Beauty: Contesting Universals for a Japanese Space"

Courtney Purrington (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "The U.S. Japan Alliance During the Cold War and its Future"

Joanne Bernardi (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "The Contemporary Drama Genre and the Film Movement 1913-1923"

Allan Grapard (UC Santa Barbara), "Buddhist Meditation and the Constitution of Social Space"

J. Soren Edgren (International Union Catalog of Chinese Rare Books Project), "The Nordenskiold Collection of Japanese Books in the Swedish Royal Library"

Gary Leupp (Tufts U.), "Race Mixing and Conceptions of Race in Early Modern Japan"

Steven Large (U. of Cambridge), "Monarch and Monarchy in Taisho Japan"

Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney (U. of Wisconsin at Madison), "Resistance Toward Brain Death Legislation and Organ Transplants in Japan: The Concept of Death, the Body and the Gift"

Isao Kumakura (UCLA), "Family Policy, Family Dispute Resolution, and Family Law in Japan"

Noboru Miyata (Tsukuba U.), "Umi kara mita Nihon bunka" (in Japanese)

1994-1995
Gafu Izutsu (Seian University of Art and Design), "The Tale of Genji and Classical Clothing from the Heian Period"

Andrew Barshay (UC Berkeley), "The Presence of the Past in Japanese Capitalism"

Karen Brazell (Cornell U.), "Subversive Transformations: Atsumori, Tadanori at Suma"

David Howell (Princeton U.), "Race and Racism in Contemporary Japan: An Early Modernist's View"

Satohiro Akimoto (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "The Developmental Corporation in Japan's Early Industrialization"

Anne Allison (Duke U.), "Cutting the Fringes: Pubic Hair at the Margins of Japanese Censorship Laws"

Hiroshi Ohta (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Japanese Politics of Climate Change"

Mimi Yiengpruksawan (Yale U.), "In Through the Out Door: Hiraizumi in Japanese Cultural History"

Haruki Murakami (writer), "Amerika de kakinagara" (in Japanese)

Donald Richie, "A Lateral View of Japan: A Half Century of Change"

Yoko Imaizumi (Tsukuba U.), "Representations of Women in Japanese Film: Elderly Women"

Andrew Maske (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Change in Edo Period Ceramics as Reflected by Takatori Ware"

Irwin Scheiner (UC Berkeley), "The Japanese Village: Imagined, Real, Contested"
Lawrence Fouraker (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Fascism in Japan: The Case of Saitoh Takao"

Graham Parkes (U. of Hawaii at Manoa), "The Role of Japanese Buddhist Ideas in Transforming Ecological Thinking"

Oe Kenzaburo (1994 Nobel Prize Laureate), "Writing in the Postwar Era"

Michiko Aoki (Clark U.), "Incipent Law Codes in Fifth Century Korea and Their Influence on the Formation of Japanese Aristorcracy"

1995-1996
Martin Collcutt (Princeton U.), "New Directions in the Study of Kamakura Buddhism"

Haruo Iguchi (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Yoshisuke Ayukawa's Search for U.S.-Japan Rapprochement and Economic Interdependence, 1937-1941"

Carol Richmond Tsang (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "War and Faith: The Ikko Ikki in Sixteenth Century Japan"

Herbert Bix (independent scholar), "Inventing the Symbol Monarchy in Japan, 1945-1952"

Seung-mi Han (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Enterprising Nationalism: Politics of Value and Authenticity in a Japanese Crafts Market"

Hosea Hirata (Tufts U.), "The Emergence of History in Soseki's 'Kokoro'"

Jordan Sand (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "At Home in the Meiji Period: Modernity and Domesticity in Japan"

Kent Calder (Princeton U.), "Japanese Politics: The Current State of Analysis"

William Coaldrake (U. of Melbourne), "The Castletown of Matsushiro and the 1998 Nagano Olympics"

Jennifer Robertson (U. of Michigan), "When and Where Japan Enters: American Anthropology, 1945 to the Present"

Rudolph Janssens (Program on U.S.-Japan Relations), ""What Future for Japan?: U.S. Government Planning for the Postwar Era, 1942-1945"

Ikumi Kaminishi (Tufts U.), "Taima Mandala Etoki: On Visualization"

Kimi Coaldrake (U. of Adelaide), "Hearing Women's Voices: Representations of Gender in Japanese Music Theater"

Junko Nakanishi (U. of Tokyo), "Japan's Response to Pollution: Technology, Government, and Citizens"

Fumihiro Hoshino (yamabushi priest), "The Annual Functions of the Yamabushi of Mt. Haguro" (in Japanese)

Liu Xiaolu (U. of Tokyo), "E.F. Fenollosa and America's Love for Japanese Art"

Janet Hunter (London School of Economics), "Rural Poverty and Manufacturing Employment: the Labour Market for Female Textile Workers in Prewar Japan"

Yasunaga Wakabayashi (Kyoto U.), "The 'Koopu Koobe' Consumer Cooperative Society and Emergency Response to the Kobe Earthquake" (in Japanese)

1996-1997
Aviad Elchanan Raz (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Tokyo Disneyland and Japan"

Andrew Gordon (Harvard U.), "Taking Japanese Studies Seriously"

Norma Field (U.of Chicago), "'The Way of the World': Japanese Literary Studies in the United States"

Akira Iriye (Harvard U.), "Japanese Foreign Relations: A Historiographic Essay"

Frank Upham (New York University School of Law), "Evolving Views of Japanese Law"

Daikichi Irokawa (Tokyo University of Economics), "Crime Since WWII As Seen in the State and the People: An Analysis of Popular Ideological History" (in Japanese)

Harold Bolitho (Harvard U.), "Tokugawa Japan Revisited"

Susan J. Pharr (Harvard U.), "Political Ethics and Public Trust in Japan in Comparative Perspective"

Albert Craig (Harvard U.), "The Meiji Restoration in History"

Yuko Sakagami (Seiwa Junior College), "Family Therapy in the Japanese Public School System"

Kentaro Awaya (Rikkyo U.), "The Tokyo War Crimes Trials and Research on Modern Japanese History"

Yoshio Yasumaru (Hitotsubashi U.), "Popular Religious Movements and the Experience of the Modern"

John Rosenfield (Harvard U.), "The History of Japanese Art Since 1945"

David Goodman (U. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), "Antisemitism and Apocalyptic Thinking in Japan"

Ronald Toby (U. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), "Peoples of 10,000 Lands: Discovering and Imagining the Other in Early modern Japan"

Tim George (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Minamata and Democracy in Postwar Japan"

Kyu Hyun Kim (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Parliamentarianism and the Public Sphere in Early Meiji Japan"

Hiroaki Matsuzawa (Reischauer Visiting Professor), "Japanese Social Science and Theory and America: Focusing on Maruyama Masao"

Chris Yano (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Imagining Japan: Nostalgia and the Nation in Japanese Popular Song"

Kenzaburo Oe (writer), "A Japanese Writer's Creed"

Kim Brandt (Amherst College), "Mingei and the Japanese Renovation of Asia

Constantine Vaporis (U. of Maryland at Baltimore County), "Beyond History: Edo Archaeology and Japan's Urban Past"

Philip Brown (Ohio State U.), "Communal Land-holding in Early Modern Japan: the Warichi and Related Systems of Corporate Tenures of Arable Land"

1997-1998
Setsuo Miyazawa (Kobe U.), "Deregulation, the Rule of Law, and the Bar"

Paul Swanson (Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture), "Wall-gazing, Vipasyana, and Mixed Binomes: A Ludic Flight of Imagination"

Beate Sirota Gordon (Japanese Constitution drafter), "Present at the Creation: Women's Rights Under the New Constitution"

Alan Tansman (Georgetown U.), "Images of Whiteness and Violence in 1930s Japan"

James Ketelaar (U. of Chicago), "The Sisam-Aynu Wars: Reading Japan's Eastern Frontier"

Miryam Sas (UC Berkeley), "Inhabiting Futures: Japanese Postwar Performance"

Wesley Jacobsen (Harvard U.), "Verbs and Times in Japanese"

Jay Rubin (Harvard U.), "For the Birds of Murakami Haruki"

Adam Kern (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Risque Business: Santo Kyoden's 'Playboy, Seasoned a la Edo'"

Ken Ruoff (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow) "The Symbol Monarchy and the Right Wing in Postwar Japan's Democracy, 1945-95"

Atsuko Sakaki (Harvard U.), "Unmaking the Tableau: Natsume Soseki's 'Kusamakura' and Gender/Genre Politics"

James White (U. of North Carolina), "A Rising Tide Inundates Everything: Perceptions of the Capital and the Development of Paris and Tokyo"

Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (York U.), "Imperial Japanese Opium Operations in China and Postwar Political Correctness"

Steve Vogel (Harvard U.), "Rethinking Postwar Japan: Consumer Politics in a Producer Economy"

Gennifer Weisenfeld (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Japanese Modernism and Consumerism: Forging the New Artistic Field of 'Shogyo bijutsu'"

Kazue Sakamoto (Ochanomizu U.), "The Construction of a New Identity Among Japanese Women in Women's Magazines of the 1970s and 1980s"

Cherie Wendelken (Harvard U.), "Reconstructing History: Politics and Architectural Preservation in Modern Japan"

John Treat (U. of Washington), "Self-Portraiture and Modern Japanese Fiction"

Takie Sugiyama Lebra (U. of Hawaii), "The Imperial Institution and Japanese Culture on the Eve of the 21st Century"

Andrew Gerstle (SOAS, London), "Popular Culture in the Nineteenth Century"

Carole Cavanaugh (Middlebury College), "A Working Ideology for Hiroshima: Imamura's Film 'Black Rain'"

Sheldon Garon (Princeton U.), "Molding a Culture of 'Diligence and Thrift': Promoting Savings in Postwar and Contemporary Japan"

John Whitman (Cornell U.), "The Genetic Affiliation of the Japanese Language: An Update"

Andrew Barshay (Institute for Advanced Studies), "Capitalizing Japan: The Uno School and Its Legacy"

Joshua Mostow (U. of British Columbia), "Constructing the Classical in Modern Japan"

Laura Hein (Northwestern U.), "The Model Citizen: Textbook Nationalism in Contemporary Japan"

Edwin Cranston (Harvard U.), "The Dark at the Bottom of the Dish: Fishing for Myth in the Poetry of Mizuno Ruriko""

Gavan McCormack (Australian National U.), "Okinawan Dilemmas: Coral Kingdom, Concrete Kingdom"

Ian Buruma (writer), "The Peril of Evil Symbols: The Nanking Massacre in Historical Imagination"

Hitoshi Miyake (Keio U.), "The Local Adaptation of Shugendo Practitioners" (in Japanese)

1998-1999
Bai Gao (Duke University), "Japanese Competition Policy in the 1990s from a Historical Perspective"

Shigemi Inaga (International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Nichibunken), "Edouard Manet, Theodore Duret, and Japan: Representations of Japanese Aesthetics in Late Nineteenth Century Europe"

Mark McNally (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "The Founding of a Nativist Tradition: Hirata Atsutane's Hagiographic Project"

Akiko Hashimoto (U. of Pittsburgh), "Japanese and German Projects of Moral Recovery: Toward a New Understanding of War Memories in Defeated Nations"

Noriko Akatsuka (UCLA), "Why Do Japanese and Korean Children Utter Conditionals One Year Earlier Than English Speaking Children?"

Takie Sugiyama Lebra (U. of Hawaii), "Making a Career in a World of Men: Women's Strategies in Japan"

Wayne Farris (U. of Tennessee), "Capitals and Labor in Ancient Japan"

William Kelly (Yale U.), "Re-Played in Japan: Indigenizing Baseball"

Brett Walker (Yale U.), "Ecology, Culture, and State in the Ezo Trade: Positioning Early Modern Japan in a Premodern World System"

Akihiko Uechi (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "What is 'Wa' marking, and How to Use It"

Ted Goossen (York U.), "Lafcadio Hearn, Murakami Ryu, and 'Japanese Culture'"

Hitomi Tonomura (U. of Michigan), "'An Arrow Wound in the Left Thigh': The Samurai's Body of Evidence in Japan's Medieval Wars and War Tales"

Eric Rath (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Historical Perspectives on Ritual in Noh Theater"

Satomi Kurosu (Nichibunken), "'Breaking Up Is (Not So) Hard to Do:' Marriage, Divorce, and Tokugawa Demographic Studies"

Anne Walthal (UC Irvine), "From Peasant Daughter to Samurai Wife: the Letters of Yoshino Michi"

Robert Khan (Harvard U.), "'Partings at Dawn' and 'Le Roman de Silence': Crossdressing Medieval Romance Heroines and the Enchantments of Genealogy"

Robert Campbell (National Institute of Japanese Literature), "The Progress of the Literary Publisher, Tokyo 1882-1888"

Genzo Yamamoto (Boston U.), "Defending Japan's Civilization and Mission: The Resilience and Triumph of Illiberalism in the House of Peers, 1919-1934"

Marilyn Ivy (Columbia U.), "Dark Enlightenment in the Photographs of Naito Masatoshi"

Eve Zimmerman (Boston U.) "'Curling Up Tight:' Patterns of Regression in the Fiction of Tsushima Yuko"

John Whitman (Cornell U.), "The Prehistory of Japanese: Linguistic and Archaeological Evidence"

Leslie Pincus (U. of Michigan), "Taking It to the Streets: From Modernist Meditations to Social Transformation in 20th Century Japan"

Michael Molasky (Connecticut College), "Prostitution and the U.S. Occupation: The Chastity of Japan or the Chastizing of America?"

Rosemarie Bernard (Harvard U.), "Shinto and the Invention of Tradition: Reconfigurations of Gender and Imperial Symbolism in Ise Jingu Since 1945"

John Rogers (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow),"Praying for the End: Japanese Apocalyptic Paramilitary Cults, 1868 to 2000"

Kazuko Kawaguchi (Sophia U.), "The 'Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons' and 'The Logic of Nuclear Deterrence': A Legal-Sociological Analysis"

1999-2000
Thomas Conlan (Bowdoin College), "The Culture of Force and Farce: Fourteenth-Century Japanese Warfare"

Harry Harootunian (New York U.) "Overcome by Modernity: Reflections on Interwar Japan"

Ronald Dore (Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics), "The End of Japanese Capitalism?"

Samuel Martin (Yale U., Emeritus), "What Do Japanese and Korean Have in Common?"

Ryutaro Hashimoto (Former Prime Minister of Japan (1996-98) and Representative, Japanese House of Representatives), "United States-Japan Relations Today" (in Japanese with English interpretation)

Kenneth Pyle (U. of Washington), "New Orders in East Asia: The Dynamics of Change in Modern Japan"

John Nathan (UC Santa Barbara), "In Quest of Sony: Mapping the Sentimental Empire"

Lawrence Marceau (U. of Delaware), "What Goes 'Thump' in the Night: The Ghoul Explosion in Eighteenth-Century Japan"

Eve Zimmerman (Wellesley College), "Cracks in the Glass: Pictures of the Shojo in Tsushima Yuko's Fiction"

Curtis Milhaupt (Columbia U.), "An Institutional and Empirical Analysis of Japanese Organized Crime"

Mark Selden (Cornell U.), "Lessons of War, Global Power, and Social Change: Citizenship and Memory in Japan, Germany and the United States"

Janine Sawada (U. of Iowa), "The Religious Cultivation of Gender Equilibrium in Early Nineteenth-Century Japan"

David Weinstein (Columbia U.), "What's So Good About Tokyo? Understanding Japanese Regional Development"

Hiroshi Aoyagi (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Islands of Eight Million Smiles: Pop-Idol Performances and the Field of Symbolic Production"

Ted Bestor (Cornell U.), "Industrial Fish, Artisanal Fishers: Globalization and the Japanese Sushi Market"

Christopher Hill (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Mori Ogai's Resentful Narrator: National History and National Allegory in 'Maihime'"

Yutaka Yabuta (Kansai University), "Rediscovering Women in Tokugawa Japan"

Millie Creighton (U. of British Columbia), "The Legislation of Kimigayo and Hinomaru as State Symbols: Igniting Memories of War and Peace, Minority Issues in Japan, and Nikkei Identity Outside Japan"

Catherine Lewis (Mills College / Women's Leadership Institute), "A Case of Successful Educational Change: How Japanese Educators Shifted from 'Teaching as Telling' to 'Teaching for Understanding' in Elementary Science"

Thomas Rimer (U. of Pittsburgh), "From Berlin to Tokyo: Yamada Kosaku and Western Music in Taisho Japan"

Kiyomi Kusumoto (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Temporal Interpretation of Relative Clauses"

Makoto Ooka (poet), "Sitting in a Circle: Reflections on Japanese Group Mentality"

Sumie Jones (Indiana U.), "Narrating Crime and Violence in Late Edo Arts"

Laura McGuinness (RIJS Postdoctoral Fellow), "Disciplining the Body in a Japanese Fitness Club"

Selcuk Esenbel (Bogazici (Bosphorus) University), "Muslim Japan: Prewar Japanese Perspectives on Islam and Islam Policy"

Gregory Pflugfelder (Columbia U.), "Women, Youths and Men: Male-Male Eroticism and the Age/Gender System of Tokugawa Japan"

Karen Smyers (Wesleyan U.), "Sacred Generation: Fertility Rituals in Contemporary Japan"

Louise Young (New York U.), "Discourse on the Social: Municipalities, Social Policy, and the Idea of Modern Society"

Luke Roberts (UC Santa Barbara), "Open Secrets: Ritual Politics in Tosa and Edo"

Japan Forum Archive