Course Description: Very often graduate students in international relations end up writing dissertations that focus on a particular geographical region and/or a single state. Having taken required courses in IR theory they then go about applying some range of theoretical approaches to empirical puzzles in the area or region. Very often they run into questions of the applicability of abstract IR theories to concrete behaviors of specific states or non-state actors. Invariably this work raises questions about the portability of IR theory to specific areas or regions, and the portability of generalizations from these regions back to IR theory. This course is designed to provide an introduction to the analysis of comparative foreign policy. The overarching theme throughout is how does one apply IR theories to the analysis of state behavior. The course will provide an exposure to some of the methods and data useful for studying the foreign policy behavior of states. The empirical focus is security policies, and topics include origins of interests, external constraints, policy processes, domestic politics, methods and sources, and the "problem" of area studies.

Prerequisites: GOV 2710 or permission of the instructor.

Course Requirements: The course requirements are as follows:

• two short (5pp) papers, (30%)

• a major research paper of publishable quality (40%)

• class participation and student conference (30%)

The topics of the short papers are as follows:

1) (due 15 October): Think of a problem, puzzle, or question related to security policy. Apply an analytic technique of your choice (probably drawn from but not restricted to the 8 October readings (e.g. content analysis, interview questions, survey protocol, cognitive mapping, events data analysis, statistical analysis) to an empirical data source of your choice (e.g. government document, government informant, governmental data, etc.) in order to offer an answer to the puzzle. The purpose of the exercise is to get you to think about how one would go about concretely researching a particular hypothesis.

2) (due 5 November): Same as above, only this time use a different technique and different source, but use the same analytic question or puzzle.

The research paper should be considered a major project that tests competitive explanations of some empirical puzzle in the comparative foreign policies of one or more states. It should be of publishable quality, meaning one should aim for a standard of rigor and richness that one finds, hopefully, in journals such as International Organization, International Security, Security Studies, International Studies Quarterly, World Politics., etc. It should not exceed 40 pages double spaced including footnotes and references. While the empirical puzzle to some extent determines appropriate methods, I encourage you to be as eclectic as possible. Findings that are consistent across multiple methods are more robust than ones consistent with some methods and inconsistent with others.

The student conference will be held on 14 January 2003. It will be a day-long professional scholarly conference where each student will present her or his paper and will comment on the paper of another student. Time limits will be strictly enforced. The conference will be open to the public, and lunch and refreshments will be provided for the participants. Drafts of the papers must be in the hands of commentators a week before the conference; that is, on 7 January. You will have a week to revise the papers after receiving input from the conference, so the final papers are due on 22 January. More details will be provided closer to the date. Please block out this time in your schedule as soon as possible.

Readings: Most of the readings are online. These are marked (Hollis) on the syllabus (this means they are either on JSTOR for articles pre 1997-98 or in e-journals for later articles). Readings not available on line are either on reserve at Littauer Library (access the reserve list through Hollis) or will be in a course pack available from from Gnomon Copy on Mass Ave. These latter readings are marked (course pack) in the syllabus Some of the readings are available online from the course web page: http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~johnston/2791.html. There is only one book available for purchase at the Coop, Robert Philip Weber's Content Analysis.

Students with Disabilities: Anyone in the class who has a disability that may require some modification in seating or class requirements please see me as soon as possible. The Student Disability Center at 20 Garden Street (496-8707) has additional information and resources which may be useful.

17 Sept.: Introduction

24 Sept.: Comparative foreign policy and IR theory

John Ikenberry, David A. Lake and Michael Mastanduno, "Introduction: approaches to explaining American foreign economic policy," International Organization, vol. 42, no. 1 (Winter 1988), pp. 1-14. (Hollis)

Valerie Hudson with Christopher S. Vore, "Foreign Policy Analysis Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow," Mershon International Studies Review, vol. 39, supplement 2 (October 1995), pp. 209-238. (course pack)

Jack Snyder, "Science and Sovietology: bridging the methods gap in Soviet foreign policy studies," World Politics, vol. 40, no. 2, (January 1988), pp. 169-94. (Hollis)

Ole R. Holsti, "Models of international relations and foreign policy," Diplomatic History, vol. 13, no. 1 (Winter 1989), pp. 15-44. (course pack)

James Rosenau, "Toward single-country theories of foreign policy: the case of the Soviet Union", in New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy, edited by Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and James N. Rosenau (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987). (course pack)

Celeste A. Wallander, "The Sources of Russian Conduct: Theories, Frameworks, and Approaches," in The Sources of Russian Foreign Policy after the Cold War, edited by Celeste A. Wallander (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), pp. 1-20. (course pack)

1 Oct.: Research Design:

Alexander L. George and Timothy McKeown, "Case studies and theories of organization decision making," in Advances in Information Processing in Organizations, vol. 2 (1985), pp. 21-58. (course pack)

Harry Eckstein, "Case Study and Theory in Political Science," in Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 7, edited by Fred Greenstein and Nelson Polsby, (Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1975), pp. 79-138. (course pack)

Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune, The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry, (New York: Wiley, 1970), chapter 2.(course pack)

Gary King, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba, Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research, (Princeton: Princeton University Press), chapter 4, "Determining what to observe." (course pack)

Matthew Hoffman, "Linearity or Complexity in the Design of Social Inquiry" New Political Science 24:2 (June 2002), p. 303-320 (Hollis)
 

Additional Readings

Lars-Erik Cederman, Emergent Actors in World Politics: How States and Nations Develop and Dissolve (Princeton: Princeton University Press) chps 2-3

Ian Lustick, "Agent-Based Modeling of Collective Identity: Testing Constructivist Theory," Journal of Artificial
Societies and Social Simulations, Vol. 3, no 1 (January 2000)

Steven Van Evera, Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science (Cornell University Press, 1997)

Philip Tetlock and Aaron Belkin, eds, Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics (Princeton 1996)
 

8 Oct.: Methods and Sources
 

1. Content Analysis

Philip Weber, Basic Content Analysis (second edition) (Los Angeles: SAGE 1990)

Content Analysis Resources (browse)

Content Analysis Guidebook Online (browse)
 

2. Cognitive Mapping

Robert Axelrod (ed.), The Structure of Decision: The Cognitive Maps of Political Elites, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), chapter 3, and skim Appendix one (course pack)

Social Science Automation (browse)
 

3. Historical Methods

John Lewis Gaddis, "Expanding the Data Base: Historians, Political Scientists and the Enrichment of Security Studies," International Security, vol. 12, no. 1 (Summer 1987), pp. 3-21. (Hollis)
 

4. Discourse Analysis

Ted Hopf, Social Origins of International Politics. Identities and the Construction of Foreign Policies at Home (Cornell University Press, 2002) Chap 1 on discourse analysis
 

5. Experimental Methods

Rose McDermott "Experimental Methods in Political Science" Annual Review of Political Science  2002. 5:31-61
 

6. Data Sets

6.1 Dispute data

Daniel M. Jones, Stuart A. Bremer and J. David Singer (1996) ."Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1816-1992: Rationale, Coding Rules, and Empirical Patterns." ? Conflict Management and Peace Science, 15(2): 163:213 (course pack)

Correlates of War, Militarized Interstate Dispute dataset (skim)

International Crisis Behavior Project, 1927-1985 Codebook (skim)
 

6.2 Events Data

Phil Schrodt and Deborah Gerner, Analyzing International Event Data: A Handbook of Computer-based Techniques (2000) Chp 1.

Integrated Data for Events Analysis (skim)

Kansas Events Data Set codebooks (skim)
 
 

Additional Readings

E. Azar, "The Conflict and Peace Data Bank (COPDAB) Project," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 24, (1984), pp. 143-153.

Thomas Homer-Dixon and Roger S. Karapin "Graphical Argument Analysis: A New Approach to Understanding Arguments, Applied to a Debate about the Window of Vulnerability" International Studies Quarterly No.33 (1989) pp. 389-410

Michael D. Young, "Cognitive Mapping Meets Semantic Networks", Journal of Conflict Resolution 40:3 (September 1996) pp.395-414

Keith L. Shimko, "Metaphors and Foreign Policy Decision Making" Political Psychology 15:4 (1994) pp.655-671

Deborah Welch Larson "Problems of Content Analysis in Foreign Policy Research: Notes from the Study of the Origins of Cold War Belief Systems" International Studies Quarterly No. 32 (1988) pp. 241-255

G. Matthew Bonham et al, "The Limited Test Ban Agreement: Emergence of New Knowledge Structures in International Negotiation" International Studies Quarterly 41:2 (June 1997) pp.215-240

"Symposium: Events Data Collections" International Studies Quarterly 27 (1983) pp. 149-177

J.L. Davies and C.K. McDaniel, "A New Generation of International Event-Data," International Interactions, vol. 2, (1994), pp. 55-78.

Doug Bond and Joe Bond, "Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action (PANDA) Codebook for the P24 Data Set"

J.L. Davies and C.K. McDaniel, "Event Data for Region-Specific Interactions: A Research Note on Source Coverage" in Richard L. Merritt et al, eds., International Event Data Developments: DDIR Phase II (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1993) pp. 45-54)

Deborah Gerner et al, "Machine Coding of Event Data Using Regional and International Sources" International Studies Quarterly 38 (1994) pp. 91-119)

Phillip A. Huxtable and Jon C. Pevehouse, "Potential validity problems in events data collection: news media sources and machine coding protocols," International Studies Notes, vol. 21, no. 2 (Spring 1996), pp. 8-19.

Richard L. Merritt et al, eds., International Event Data Developments: DDIR Phase II (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1993)

Colin Elman and Meriam Fendius Elman eds., Bridges and Boundaries: Historians, Political Scientists and the Study of International Relations (MIT Press, 2001)

B) SOURCES OF STATE PREFERENCES AND INTERESTS

15 Oct.: Regime type and domestic political structures

Joe D. Hagan, "Domestic political systems and war proneness," in Mershon International Studies Review, vol. 38, no. 2 (October 1994). (course pack)

Edward Mansfield Jack L. Snyder,"Democratic Transitions, Institutional Strength, and War" International Organization 56:2 (Spring 2002) pp. 297-337(Hollis)

Phillipe Schmitter, "Change in Regime Type and Progress in International Relations," in Progress in Postwar International Relations, edited by Emanuel Adler and Beverly Crawford, (New York : Columbia University Press, 1991). (course pack)

Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Structures and Preventative War: Are Democracies More Pacific?" World Politics, vol. 44, no. 2 (January 1992), pp. 235-269. (Hollis)

Kurt Taylor Gaubatz, "Democratic states and commitments in International Relations," International Organization, vol. 50, no. 1 (Winter 1996), pp. 109-139. (Hollis)

Juliet Kaarbo, "Power and Influence in Foreign Policy Decision Making: The Role of Junior Coalition Partners in German and Israeli Foreign Policy" International Studies Quarterly 40 (1996) pp.501-530. (Hollis)

Michael C. Desch, "War and strong states, peace and weak states?" International Organization, vol. 50, no. 2 (Spring 1996), pp. 237-268. (Hollis)

Jeffrey Herbst, "War and the State in Africa," International Security, vol. 14, no. 4 (Spring 1990), pp. 117-139.(Hollis)
 
 

Additional readings:

Jack S. Levy, "The Diversionary Theory of War: a Critique," in Handbook of War Studies, edited by Manus Midlarsky, (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).

Jack S. Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol 18 (1988), pp. 653-673.

Joe D. Hagan, "Domestic political regime change and foreign policy restructuring," in Foreign Policy Restructuring: How Governments Respond to Global Change, edited by Jerel A. Rosati, Joe D. Hagan, and Martin W. Sampson II, (Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina Press, 1994).

Alastair Smith, "Diversionary Foreign Policy in Democratic Systems" International Studies Quarterly No. 40 (1996) pp. 133-153

Jack Snyder, Myths of empire : domestic politics and international ambition, (Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press, 1991), chapters 1,2,8 and one chapter of 3-7.

22 Oct.: Economics, Geography,Technology

Dale C. Copeland, "Economic Interdependence and War: A Theory of Trade Expectations," International Security, vol. 20, no. 4 (Spring 1996), pp. 5-41.(Hollis)

Paul A. Papayoanou, "Interdependence, Institutions, and the Balance of Power: Britain, Germany, and World War I," International Security, vol. 20, no. 4 (Spring 1996), pp. 42-76. (Hollis)

Soo Yeon Kim "Structure and Change in International Trade and Militarize Conflict: When Is Engagement Constructive?" (unpublished paper, 2000)

Thomas Homer-Dixon, "On the threshold: environmental changes as causes of acute conflict," International Security, vol. 16, no. 2 (Fall 1991), pp. 76-116. (Hollis)

E. Feitelson "Implications of shifts in the Israeli water discourse for Israeli-Palestinian water negotiation" Political Geography 21:3 (March 2002) pp. 293-318 (Hollis)

Philippe Le Billon, "The political ecology of war: natural resources and armed conflicts" Political Geography  20:5  (June 2001) pp.  561-584 (Hollis)

David L. Butler, "Technogeopolitics and the struggle for control of world air routes, 1910-1928"  Political Geography  20:5 (June 2001) pp. 635-658 (Hollis)
 

Recommended readings:

Kimberly Marten Zisk, "The foreign policy preferences of Russian defense industrialists: integration or isolation?" in The Sources of Russian Foreign Policy after the Cold War, edited by Celeste A. Wallander (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), pp.95-120.

Matthew Evangelista, Innovation and the Arms Race: How the United States and the Soviet Union Develop New Military Technologies (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988)
 

29 Oct.: Identities

Rawi Abdelal et al, "Treating Identity as a Variable: Measuring the Content, Intensity and Contestation of Identity" (Paper prepared for the APSA Annual Meeting, 2001)

John C. Turner, "A Self-Categorization Theory" in John C. Turner, Rediscovering the Social Group (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1978) (course pack)

Henri Tajfel and John Turner, "An Integrative Theory of Intergoup Conflict" in Michael A. Hogg and Dominic Abrams, editors, Intergroup Relations : Essential Readings, (Psychology Press, 2001) (course pack)

Jan E. Stets and Peter J. Burke. "A Sociological Approach to Self and Identity" in Handbook of Self and Identity, edited by Mark Leary and June Tangney, Guilford Press, Forthcoming.

Kal Holsti, "Toward and theory of foreign policy: Making the case for role theory," in Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis, edited by Stephen Walker (Durham: Duke University Press, 1987)

Glenn Chafetz et al, "Role Theory and Foreign Policy: Belarussian and Ukrainian Compliance with the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime" Political Psychology 17:4 (1996) pp.727-757 (course pack)
 
 

Additional Readings:

Henry Nau, At Home Abroad: Identity and Power in American Foreign Policy (Cornell 2002)

Jutte Weldes, Constructing National Interests: The United State and the Cuban Missile Crisis (Minnesota 1999)

Ted Hopf, Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999 (Cornell 2002)

Peter Katzenstein, Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military in Post-war Japan (Cornell 1996)

Glenn Chafetz, "An Empirical Analysis of International Identity Change" (Paper presented to APSA Annual Meeting, Washington DC August 28-31, 1997)

Barry R. Posen, "Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power," International Security, vol. 18, no. 2 (Fall 1993), pp. 80-124.

Dana Eyre and Mark Suchman, "Status, norms, and the proliferation of conventional weapons," in The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identities in World Politics, edited by Peter Katzenstein, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
 

5 Nov.: Domestic Norms and Ideology:

Alastair Iain Johnston, "Thinking about strategic culture," International Security, vol. 19, no. 4 (Spring 1995), pp. 32-65. (Hollis)

David Rousseau, "Motivations for Choice: The Salience of Relative Gains in International Politics" Journal of Conflict Resolution  46:3 (June 2002) pp. 394-426 (Hollis)

John Owen, "How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace"  International Security 19:2 (Fall 1994) pp.87-125 (Hollis)

Aaron L. Friedberg "Why Didn't the United States Become A Garrison State?" International Security 16:4 (Spring 1992) pp.109-142 (Hollis)
 

Additional readings:

Neta C. Crawford, "A security regime among demcracies: cooperation among Iroquois nations," International Organization, vol. 48, no. 3, (Summer 1994), pp. 345-386.

Stephen Peter Rosen, "Military effectiveness: why society matters," International Security, vol. 19, no. 4 (Spring 1995), pp. 5-32.

Stephen M. Walt, "Revolution and War," World Politics, vol. 44, no. 3 (April 1992), pp. 321-368.

Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy Change: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Cornell University Press, 1993)

William O. Chittick et al, "A Three Dimensional Model of American Foreign Policy Beliefs." International Studies Quarterly 39 (1995) pp.313-331

12 Nov.:Public opinion
 

Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies,"World Politics, vol. 43, no. 4 (July 1991), pp. 479-512. (Hollis)

Bruce Russett, "Doves, hawks, and U.S. public opinion," Political Science Quarterly, vol. 105, no. 4, (Winter 1990), pp. 515-39. (Hollis)

Douglas C. Foyle, "Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Elite Beliefs as a Mediating Variable" International Studies Quarterly 41:1 (March 1997) pp.141-170 (Hollis)

William Zimmerman, "Markets, democracy and Russian foreign policy," Post-Soviet Affairs, vol. 10, no. 2 (April-June 1994), pp. 103-27. (course pack)

Joseph Fewsmith and Stanley Rosen "The Domestic Context of Chinese Foreign Policy: Does Public Opinion Matter?" in David M. Lampton ed., The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy (Stanford University Press, 2001) pp.151-187 (course pack)
 
 

Additional readings:

James D. Fearon, "Domestic political audiences and the escalation of international disputes," American Political Science Review, vol. 88, no. 3, (September 1994), pp. 577-93.

Bear Braumoeller, "Deadly Doves: Liberal Nationalism and the Democratic Peace in the Soviet Successor States," International Studies Quarterly, 41:3 (September 1997), pp. 375-402

Miroslav Nincic, "U.S. Soviet Policy and the Electoral Connection," World Politics, vol. 42, no. 3 (April 1990), pp. 370-396.

Eugene Wittkopf, "Elites and masses: another look at attitudes toward America's world role," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 31, (1987), pp. 131-159.

Jack Citrin et al, "Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy" International Studies Quarterly 38:1 (March 1994) pp.1-32

19 Nov.: Systemic and supranational sources (material and ideational)

Michael Mastanduno, David Lake, and G. John Ikenberry, "Toward a Realist Theory of State Action," International Studies Quarterly vol. 33, no. 4 (December 1989) pp. 457-474. (Hollis)

Colin Elman, "Horses for Courses: Why Not Neorealist Theories of Foreign Policy," Security Studies, vol. 6, no. 1 (Fall 1996) (course pack)

Alexander Wendt, "Collective identity formation and the international state," American Political Science Review, vol. 88, no. 2, (June 1994), pp. 384-396.(Hollis)

Martha Finnemore, "Norms, culture, and world politics: insights from sociology's institutionalism," International Organization, vol. 50, no. 2 (Spring 1996), pp. 325-347. (Hollis)

Emanuel Adler, "The emergence of cooperation: national epistemic communities and the international evolution of the idea of nuclear arms control," International Organization, vol. 46, no. 1 (Winter 1992), pp. 101-146. (Hollis)

Stephen A. Kocs, "Explaining the Strategic Behavior of States: International Law as System Structure" International Studies Quarterly 38:4 (December 1994) pp.535-556 (Hollis)
 

Additional readings:

Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes, "On Compliance," International Organization, vol. 47, no. 2, (Spring 1993), pp. 175-206.

Jeffrey J. Anderson and John B. Goodman, "Mars or Minerva? A United Germany in a Post-Cold War Europe," in After the Cold War: International Institutions and State Strategies in Europe, 1989-1991, edited by Robert O. Keohane, Joseph S. Nye, and Stanley Hoffmann (Cambridge: Harvard University Press), pp. 23-62.

Matthew Evangelista, "The paradox of state strength: transnational relations, domestic structures, and security policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, vol. 49, no. 1 (Winter 1995), pp. 1-38.

C) DECISION MAKING PROCESSES

26 Nov.: Leadership, Personality, and Gender

Margaret Hermann and Charles Hermann, "Who makes foreign policy decisions and how: an empirical inquiry," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 4 (December 1989), pp. 361-387. (Hollis)

Daniel L. Byman and Kenneth M. Pollack "Let Us Now Praise Great Men (and Women): Restoring the First Image"? International Security 25:4 (Spring 2001)  pg. 107-147 (Hollis)

Paul A. Kowert, Margaret G. Hermann, "Who Takes Risks? Daring and Caution in Foreign Policy Making" The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41:5 (Oct., 1997), pp. 611-637 (Hollis)

Stephen G. Walker and Mark Schafer "The Operational Codes of Bill Clinton and Tony Blair" (Paper prepared for APSA conference, Washington DC, 2000)

Thomas Preston, "Following the Leader: The Impact of US Presidential Style Upon Advisory Group Dyanmics, Structure and Decision" in Paul T'Hart et al eds., Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policy-Making (Michigan, 1997) pp.191-248 (course pack)

Richard D. Anderson Jr., "Soviet decision-making and Poland," Problems of Communism, vol. 31, no.2 (March-April 1982), pp. 22-36. (course pack)

M Caprioli, "Gender, Violence, and International Crisis" Journal of Conflict Resolution 45:5 (August 2001) pp.503-518. (Hollis)
 

Additional readings:

Donald Sylvan et al, "Case-Based, Model-Based, and Explanation-Based Styles of Reasoning in Foreign Policy" International Studies Quarterly 38 (1994) pp.61-90

James G. Richter, Khrushchev's Double Bind : International Pressures and Domestic Coalition Politics, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press), chapter 1

Yaacov Y. I. Vertzberger "Foreign Policy Decisionmakers as Practical-Intuitive Historians: Applied History and its Shortcomings" International Studies Quarterly 30:2 (June 1986) pp.223-247

Eugene Wittkopf, ed. The Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy, (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994)

Richard Herrmann "The Empirical Challenge of the Cognitive Revolution: A Strategy for Drawing Inferences about Perceptions" International Studies Quarterly No. 32 (1988) pp.175-203.

M Tessler et al, "Further Tests of the Women and Peace Hypothesis: Evidence from Cross-National Survey Research in the Middle East" International Studies Quarterly 43:3 (September 1999) pp.519-531

3 Dec.: Bureaucratic politics and organizations

Jonathan Bendor and Thomas H. Hammond, "Rethinking Allison's models (Graham Allison's Cuban missile crisis study)," American Political Science Review, vol. 86, no. 2 (June 1992), pp. 301-322. (Hollis)

Edward Rhodes, "Do Bureaucratic Politics Matter? Some Disconfirming Findings from the Case of the U.S. Navy," World Politics, vol. 47, no. 1 (October 1994), pp. 1-41. (Hollis)

Jack Levy, "Organizational Routines and the Causes of War" International Studies Quarterly No. 30 (1986) pp.193-222 (Hollis)

David A. Welch, "The Organizational Process and Bureaucratic Politics Paradigms: Retrospect and Prospect," International Security, vol. 17, no. 2 (Fall 1992), pp. 112-146. (Hollis)

Jeffrey W. Legro, "Culture and Preferences in the International Cooperation Two-Step" American Political Science Review 90:1 (March 1996) pp.118-137 (Hollis)

L. Holland, "The US Decision to Launch Operation Desert Storm: A Bureaucratic Politics Analysis" Armed Forces and Society 25:2 (Winter 1999) pp.219-244  (course pack)
 

Addtional readings:

Graham Allison, "Conceptual models and the Cuban Missile Crisis," American Political Science Review, vol. 63, (September 1969), pp. 689-718.

Matthew Evangelista, Innovation and the Arms Race: How the United States and the Soviet Union Develop New Military Technologies, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), pp. 1-49

J. Kaarbo, "Power Politics in Foreign Policy: The influence of Bureaucratic Minorities" European Journal of International Affairs. 4:1 (March 1998) pp.67-97

10 Dec.: Civil-military relations and military organizations

Jeffrey W. Legro, "Military Culture and Inadvertent Escalation in World War II," International Security, vol. 18, no. 4 (Spring 1994), pp. 108-142. (Hollis)

Elizabeth Kier, "Culture and military doctrine: France between the wars," International Security, vol, 19, no. 4 (Spring 1995), pp. 65-94. (Hollis)

Jack Snyder, "Civil-Military Relations and the Cult of the Offensive, 1914 and 1984," in Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War, edited by Steven E. Miller, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Stephen Van Evera (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), pp. 20-58; OR in International Security, vol. 9, no. 1 (Summer 1984).(Hollis)

Stephen Van Evera, "The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War," in Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War, edited by Steven E. Miller, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Stephen Van Evera (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), pp. 59-108; OR in International Security, vol. 9, no. 1 (Summer 1984).(Hollis)

D) CHANGE IN FOREIGN POLICY

17 Dec.: Learning and Socialization

Charles F. Hermann, "Changing Course: When Governments Choose to Redirect Foreign Policy," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 1 (March 1990), pp. 3-22.(Hollis)

Jack S. Levy, "Learning and foreign policy: sweeping a conceptual minefield," International Organization, vol. 48, no. 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 279-312. (Hollis)

Robert D. English "Power, Ideas, and New Evidence on the Cold War's End: A Reply to Brooks and Wohlforth International Security 26:4 (Spring 2002) pp.70-92  (Hollis)

Stephen G. Brooks and William C. Wohlforth "From Old Thinking to New Thinking in Qualitative Research" International Security
26:4 (Spring 2002) pp. 93-111 (Hollis)

Mark Kramer, "Realism, ideology, and the end of the Cold War: a reply to William Wohlforth" Review of International Studies
27:1 (January 2001) (Hollis)

Alastair Iain Johnston "Treating International Institutions as Social Environments" International Studies Quarterly (December 2001) (Hollis)

Alexandra Gheciu, "Security Institutions as Agents of Socialization? NATO and Post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe"
(Prepared for the IDNET Project Third Workshop, European University Institute, Florence, 22-23 February 2002)
 
 

Additional readings:

Jerel A. Rosati, Joe D. Hagan, Martin W. Sampson III, Foreign Policy Restructuring: How Governments Respond to Global Change, (Columbia SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1994)

Celeste A. Wallander, "Opportunity, incrementalism, and learning in the extention and retraction of Soviet global commitments," Security Studies, vol. 1, no. 3 (Spring 1992), pp. 514-542.

Janice Gross Stein, "Political learning by doing: Gorbachev as an uncomitted thinker" International Organization, vol. 48, no. 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 155-184.

Philip Tetlock, "Learning in US and Soviet Foreign Policy: In Search of an Elusive Concept," in Learning in US and Soviet Foreign Policy, edited by George Breslauer and Philip Tetlock (Boulder: Westview, 1991)

Kalevi J. Holsti, Why Nations Realign: Foreign Policy Restructuring in the Postwar World, (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1982), chapter 1.

Alastair Iain Johnston, "Learning versus adaptation: explaining change in Chinese arms control policy in the 1980s and 1990s," The China Journal, no. 35 (January 1996)

Matthew Evangelista, "Sources of Moderation in Soviet Security Policy," in Behavior, Society, and Nuclear War, edited by Philip Tetlock, et. al. (Oxford University press, 1991), pp. 254-354.

14 January: Graduate Student conference