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Sexuality and Marriage in the Americas: 1500-1850
University of Warwick
Prof. Rebecca Earle
Spring, 2002
Aims and Objectives:
This course is a 'comparative option'. Comparative options study a specific topic in a geographically comparative context.
In this course you will analyse the growing literature on sexuality and the family in colonial and nineteenth-century Latin and North America. You will be encouraged to explore the changing meaning of love, marriage, and sexuality from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries in both Latin and North America. In particular, the course will focus on the varied construction of ideas of femininity and masculinity in different parts of the Americas. The impact of the European colonisation on gender and sexual identities will be explored, and we will pay particular attention to race and class in this process. The course will also examine whether attitudes towards love and marriage varied from 1500 to 1800. 'Arranged marriages' will be a specific topic of concern in the second term. The topics studied will be situated comparatively in relation to the existing European historiography. Current debates in the history of the family and sexuality will be assessed, and you will be urged to explore the similarities and differences between Europe and the Americas, as well as between Ibero- and Anglo-America.
You may fulfil your language requirement in either Spanish or French in this course.Context
The course provides the opportunity to study an important area of research in the social and cultural history of the Americas, and is therefore suitable for anyone who wishes to explore the importance of sexuality and gender in the region's development. Although familiarity with the history of either Latin or North America will be useful, students with little prior knowledge of either have also done extremely well. There are, in other words, no pre-requisites for this course, but be prepared to supplement the assigned reading with the recommended background reading if you feel the need for more background.Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course you will:
· understand that ideas about love, marriage and sexuality changed between 1500 and 1850.
· be aware of the importance of race in shaping these ideas, and of the broad historical contexts out of which they emerged.
· be familiar with a variety of historiographical approaches to the study of sexuality and marriage.
· express yourself in written work with greater fluency and coherence.
· have improved your ability to assess and evaluate historical analysis and argument.Teaching and Learning
This course is taught through weekly 2-hour seminars, which are held on Mondays between 10.00 and 2.00 in rooms H402 and H404. Seminars consist largely of class discussion based on the assigned reading. There are no lectures. You will be expected to complete the assigned seminar reading, and to write 3 unassessed essays of 1,500 words each.Assessment
The course is assessed and weighted in the following ways:CAS, Joint Degree, and 2+2 students: 2 units
First Unit: 1 3-hour examination paper
Second Unit: 1 assessed essay of 8,000 words or 2 assessed essays of 4,000 words eachHistory students: 1.5 units:
EITHER
First Unit: 1 assessed essay of 8,000 words or 2 assessed essays of 4,000 words each
Half Unit: 1 2-hour examination paper
OR
First Unit: 1 3-hour examination paper
Half Unit: 1 assessed essay of 4,000 wordsDeadlines
If you are writing one or two long essays as part of your assessment, the deadlines are as follows:
First assessed essay: Friday of term 3, week 3 (10 May 2002)
Second assessed essay: Friday of term 3, week 5 (24 May 2002)
If you are writing one 8,000 word essay only, it is due in week 5 (24 May 2002)
The unassessed short essays are due as follows:
Essay 1: Friday of week 7, term 1 (16 November 2001)
Essay 2:Friday of week 1, term 2 (11 January 2002)
Essay 3: Friday of week 9, term 2 (8 March 2002)Sample Topics for Short Essays
You must write three unassessed essays over the course of the year. These essays should be approximately 1,500 words in length, and must be typed. Some sample topics are suggested below. You are welcome to write on a different topic, but you must then clear it with me beforehand.Analyse the post-tridentine Catholic church's attitude towards one of the following topics: "homosexuality", pre-marital sex, adultery, sexual pleasure.
Analyse Protestant attitudes towards one of the following topics in the 16-18th centuries: "homosexuality", pre-marital sex, adultery, sexual pleasure.
Did European attitudes towards gender colour the conquest of the Americas?
How different were European and indigenous attitudes towards pre-marital sex, "homosexuality", adultery, OR appropriate gender roles at the time of the conquest? Discuss with reference to a specific region in the Americas.
Why was the Catholic church so concerned to control indigenous expressions of sexuality and sexual identity?
Discuss the (gendered) idea of virtue in either the American Revolution or the Spanish American Wars of Independence.
What roles were open to married women in 18-19th century Ibero-America or the USA? Did political independence change these roles?
Offer a critical analysis of the idea of 'passionlessness' in nineteenth century America.
Discuss the status of the female orgasm in Victorian America.
Analyse the 'spermatic economy' described by Barker-Benfield.
Account for the proliferation of anti-masturbation tracts in nineteenth century America.
Review the literature on friendship in 19th century America. In what ways did close, same-sex friendships differ from homosexual relationships?
To what extent does the concept of 'mastery' characterise masculine identity in Spanish America and the antebellum US South?
Contrast Spanish and Anglo ideas of masculine or feminine honour in the 18-19th centuries.
Did ideas about honour change in Spanish America between the 16th and 18th centuries?
Were white men 'attracted and repelled' by inter-racial sex in the Antebellum American south?
Discuss the attitudes towards sex in the Antebellum American south.
Contrast indigenous and European 'marriageways' with reference to a specific region and time.
What escape routes were open to individuals unhappy with their marriage partner? Discuss with reference to either Anglo-America or Ibero-America.
How different were slave marriages from the marriages of free people?
Is Steve Stern correct to consider male violence an essential element of the colonial Mexican marriage?
Did the presence of a frontier alter ideas of masculinity and femininity in either Anglo- or Ibero-America?
What forms of birth control were used in the eighteenth and nineteenth century? What effect, if any, did these have on attitudes towards sexuality?
How much control did a couple have over their decision to marry? Discuss with reference to a specific region and period.
Compare the demographic profile of marriage in either Anglo-America or Ibero-America with what we know about the situation in Europe. Account for any similarities or differences.
Did 'affective individualism' characterise eighteenth century marriage in either North or Spanish America?
What reasons might impel a couple to marry? Discuss with reference to a specific region and period.
What do attitudes towards cross-dressing tell us about the limits of masculinity and femininity in a particular society? Discuss with reference to colonial North America.
What is 'seduction'? Can it be said that the concept of seduction typifies attitudes towards male and female sexual behaviour in colonial Spanish America?
Is 'rape' a twentieth-century concept? Discuss the treatment of sexual assault in colonial Spanish America or colonial North America.
Discuss the changing status of the dowry in colonial Spanish or North America.
Compare passionlessness with marianismo.
Are 'passion' and 'virtue' (or 'honour') incompatible?Recommended Books to Buy
Asunción Lavrin (ed.), Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America, University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, 1989)
Kathy Peiss (ed.), Major Problems in the History of American Sexuality, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, 2002)Syllabus
Term 1: Sexuality
Part I: European Colonisation and the creation of a new sexual order
Introduction to the study of sexuality and gender
The Conquest: Gendered Encounters
How did European attitudes about gender division and sexuality shape their response to Amerindians?
Sexuality and the Colonial Church
Prohibited practices and church doctrine. Attempts to control indigenous sexuality in the Americas.
Part II: Sexuality and gender in the colonial (and slightly post-colonial . . . ) world
Femininity and Masculinity
Honour codes, sexuality, passion
Sexuality, Class, and RaceTerm 2: Marriage
Part III: The (disputed) Rise of Romantic Love
Marriage and Love
Marriage patterns in Spanish America and North America. Courtship and arranged marraige.
Part IV: Marriages under Stress
The Slave Marriage
Degrees of choice, strategies for control
Bigamy, Divorce and Marital BreakdownSeminar Readings
TERM 1: WEEK 2
Introduction: Gender and the Study of Sexuality
Historiographic trends, useful concepts1. What is 'gender'? Is this truly a useful category of historical analysis? What does the concept contribute to a study of sexuality?
2. What sorts of topics have historians of sexuality considered? What are the differences between the approaches of, for example, Foucault and Flandrin?
3. Discuss the status of the female orgasm in Victorian AmericaTexts
Questions 1 & 2
J. Flandrin, Families in Former Times: Kinship, Household and Sexuality (Cambridge, 1979), section 4: "Reproduction and Sexual Life"
Joan Scott, Gender and the Politics of History, Columbia University Press, (1988), chapter 2: "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis"
Michael Foucault, The History of Sexuality, (New York, 1973), vol. 1, part 1: We 'Other Victorians'\
Question 3
Carl Degler, "What Ought to be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century," in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, Michael Gordon (editor), St. Martin's Press (New York, 1978)
G.J. Barker-Benfield, "The Spermatic Economy: a Nineteenth Century View of Sexuality," in The American Family in social-Historical Perspective, Michael Gordon (editor), St. Martin's Press (New York, 1978)
Kathy Peiss (ed.), Major Problems in the History of American Sexuality, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, 2002), chapter 4, doc. 3: 'Health Reformer William Alcott Discussed Nymphomania, 1855'
Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud, (Harvard, 1990), Chapter 1: 'Of Language and the Flesh'.
TERM 1: WEEK 3
The Conquest: Gendered Encounters1. How did European attitudes about gender division and sexuality shape their response to the Americas and its inhabitants?
2. Compare Spanish views of women with Spanish views of Indians.
3. What do conquest-era texts tell us about the relationship between gender and power?Texts
Key readings
Kathleen Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race and Power in Colonial Virginia, chapter 1: "Gender and English Identity on the Eve of Colonial Settlement"
Luis Montrose, "The Work of Gender in the Discourse of Discovery," Representations, vol. 33 (1991), pp. 1-41 (also in New World Encounters, S. Greenblatt (ed.), University of California (1993)
Edward Said, Orientalism, Introduction
Linda Sturtz, "Spanish Moss and Aprons: European Responses to Gender Ambiguity in the Exploration and Colonization of South Eastern North America', Seventeenth Century, vol. 11 (1996)
Margarita Zamora, Reading Columbus (Berkeley, 1993), 'Gender and Discovery'.
Supplementary readings
Francisco Guerra, The Pre-Columbian Mind, Seminar Press (London, 1971), chapter 4: "Chronicles Referring to Pre-Columbian Aberrations" and Chapter 5: "Spanish Traditional Morals"
Jennifer Morgan, "Some Could Suckle over their Shoulder": Male Travellers, Female Bodies and the Gendering of Racial Ideology", William and Mary Quarterly, vol. LIV:1 (1997)
Pierre Ragon, Les Amours Indiennes; ou l'imaginaire de Conquistador, Armand Colin (Paris, 1992)
Matthew Restall, '"He Wished it in Vain": Subordination and Resistance among Maya Women in Post-Conquest Yucatán', Ethnohistory, vol. 42:4 (1995)
Mario Valdes Urrutia, "La Sexualidad Hispano-Mapuche durante la Conquista de Chile", Revista Libertador O'Higgins, vol. 9 (1992)
Background-if you would like basic information on European exploration in the Americas
McFarlane, Anthony, The British in the Americas, first sections
Williamson, Edwin, The Penguin History of Latin America, first sectionsTERM 1: WEEK 4
Sexuality and the Colonial Church I
Prohibited practices and church doctrine in Spanish America1. What constituted acceptable sexual practice in Catholic doctrine?
2. Why was the Catholic Church concerned about sexual practices? What attempts were made to police and control Indian sexuality?Texts
Please read at least one of the starred (***) works from each section.
Catholic Teaching on Sexual Practice
Atondo Rodríguez, Ana María "De la perversión de la práctica a la perversión del discurso: la fornicación," in Sergio Ortega, De la Santidad a la Perversión, o porqué no se cumplía la Ley de Dios en la Sociedad Novohispana, Grijalba (Mexico, 1985)
***Flandrin, Jean-Louis "Sex in Married Life in the Early Middle Ages: the Church's Teaching and Behavioural Reality', in Western Sexuality: Practice and Precept in Past and Present Times, Philippe Aries and André Béjin (eds), (Basil Blackwell, 1985)
Hurteau, Pierre "Catholic Moral Discourse on Male Sodomy and Masturbation in the 17th and 18th Centuries", Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 4:1 (1993)
***Lavrin, Asunción "Sexuality in Colonial Mexico: A Church Dilemma," in Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America, Asunción Lavrin (editor), University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, 1989)
Ortega, Sergio "Teología novohispana sobre el matrimonio y comportamientos sexuales, 1519-1570", in Sergio Ortega, De la Santidad a la Perversión, o porqué no se cumplía la Ley de Dios en la Sociedad Novohispana, Grijalba (Mexico, 1985)
Waldron, Kathy "The Sinners and the Bishop in Colonial Venezuela: The Visita of Bishop Mariano Martí, 1771-1784," in Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America, Asunción Lavrin (editor), University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, 1989)
***Wheaton, R. and T. Hareven (eds.), Family and Sexuality in French History (1980), chapters by J-L Flandrin and Burguières
Confessions and Indian-Church Relations
***Alva, Bartolomé de, 'Large Guide to Confession (Confessionario Mayor)', A Guide to Confession Large and Small in the Mexican Language, 1634, B. Sell and J.F. Schwaller (eds) (Norman, 1999)
Azoulai, Martine "Para la historia de la evangelización en América: los confesionarios," Allpanchis, (Peru), vol. 13 (1983)
***Gruzinski, Serge "Individualisation and Acculturation: Confession among the Nahuas of Mexico from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries," in Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America, Asunción Lavrin (editor), University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, 1989)
Guerra, Francisco The Pre-Columbian Mind, Seminar Press (London, 1971), chapter 6: "The Colonial Acculturation"
***Harrison, Regina "The Theology of Concupiscence: Spanish-Quechua Confessional Manuals in the Andes," Coded Encounters: Writing, Gender and Ethnicity in Colonial Latin America, Cevallos-Candua, Francisco Javier et al (editors), University of Massachusetts Press (Amherst, 1994)
***Klor de Alva, J. Jorge, 'Sin and Confession among the Colonial Nahuas: the Confessional as a Tool for Domination', in Ricardo Sanchez, Eric Van Young and Gisela von Wobeser, La cuidad y el Campo en la Historia de Mexico, vol. 1 (Mexico City, 1992)
Stavig, Ward "Living in Offense of Our Lord: Indigenous Sexual Values and Marital Life in the Colonial Crucible", Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 75:4 (1995)
Background on Spanish Evangelisation
Clendinnen, Inga 'Disciplining the Indians: Franciscan Ideology and Missionary Violence in Sixteenth Century Yucatán', Past and Present, vol. 94 (1982)
Spalding, Karen Huarochirí: An Andean Society under Inca and Spanish Rule, chapter 8: "Belief and Resistance"TERM 1: WEEK 5
Sexuality and the Colonial Church II
Attempts to control Indigenous sexuality in North America. Religious attitudes towards indigenous sexual practices.1. How did Jesuit concerns about indigenous sexual practice fit into their larger programme of: Christianisation? Did controlling indigenous sexual practice contribute to the establishment of European colonial control?
2. What impact did Christianisation have on indigenous culture? Did it have a different impact on men and women?Texts
Primary Material
Greer, Allan (ed.), The Jesuit Relations: Natives and Missionaries in Seventeenth-century North America (Boston, 2000)
Kennedy, J.H., Jesuit and Savage in New France, Yale University Press (1950), chapter 7: "The Social Conduct of the Indians"
Kenton, Edna (ed), The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in North America (1610-1791), The Vanguard Press (1954)
Kathy Peiss (ed.), Major Problems in the History of American Sexuality, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, 2002), Chapter 2, doc. 1: 'Baron Lahontan Describes Love and Marriage among the Hurons, 1703'.
Core Interpretative Texts
Karen Anderson, Chain Her by One Foot: The Subjugation of Women in Seventeenth-Century New France (London, 1991), especially Chapter 5: "This Little Fury of Hell".
James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (Oxford, 1985), Chapter 6: 'The Harvest of Souls"
Denys Delâge, Bitter Feast: Amerindians and Europeans in Northeastern North America, 1600-64, (Vancouver, 1994), chapter 4: "Huronia and Iroquoia".
Carol Devens, Countering Colonisation: Native American Women and the Great Lakes Missions, 1630-1900 (1992), especially chapter 1: "the Response to Jesuit Missions"
Eleanor Leacock, "Montagnais Women and the Jesuit Program for Colonisation," in Mona Etienne and E. Leacock (eds), Women and Colonisation: Anthropological Perspectives (New York, 1980). This article is also in Re-Thinking Canada: The Promise of Women's History, Veronica Strong-Boag and Anita Clair Fellman (eds) (Toronto, 1991)
Background on Jesuit evangelisation
Grant, John Webster, Moon in Wintertime: Missionaries and the Indians of Canada in Encounter since 1534, University of Toronto Press (1984), chapters 1-2
Comparisons with the Protestant settlements
James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (Oxford, 1985), Chapter 7: "Reduce them to Civility".
Edmund Morgan, "The Puritans and Sex," in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, Michael Gordon (editor), St. Martin's Press (New York, 1978)
Kathy Peiss (ed.), Major Problems in the History of American Sexuality, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, 2002), Chapter 3, docs 1, 3.TERM 1: WEEK 6: Reading Week
TERM 1: WEEK 7
The Feminine Ideal I
Virtue and Honour in Colonial Spanish America
1. Describe the components of feminine honour in colonial and early national Spanish America. How could women lose their honour? Could they regain it once lost?
2. What is 'seduction'? Explain the relationship between seduction and sexual assault, and between seduction and marriage.Texts
Mexico
Richard Boyer, The Lives of the Bigamists: Marriage, Family and Community in Colonial Mexico, University of New Mexico Press (Austin, 1995), chapter 3
Carmen Casteñeda, Violación, estupro y sexualidad: Nueva Galicia, 1790-1921 (Guadalajara, 1989)
Ramón Gutiérrez, "From Honor to Love: Transformations of the Meaning of Sexuality in Colonial Mexico," in Kinship, Ideology and Practice in Latin America, Raymond Smith (editor), University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill, 1984), pp. 237-263
Gutiérrez, Ramón, "Honor, Ideology, Marriage Negotiation and Class-Gender Domination in New Mexico, 1690-1846," Latin American Perspectives, vol. 12 (1985), pp. 81-104
Ramón Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away. Marriage, Sexuality and Power in New Mexico, 1500-1846, Stanford University Press (Stanford, 1991), chapters 6-7
Asunción Lavrin, "Sexuality in Colonial Mexico: a Church Dilemma", in Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America, Asunción Lavrin (editor), University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, 1989)
Lipsett-Rivera, Sonya, 'The Intersection of Rape and Marriage in Late-Colonial and Early National Mexico', Colonial Latin American Review (?), vol. 6 (1997)
McCaa, Robert, "Marriageways in Mexico and Spain, 1500-1900", Continuity and Change, vol. 9 (1994), pp. 11-43
Patricia Seed, To Love, Honour and Obey in Colonial Mexico: Conflicts over Marriage Choice, 1574-1821, (Stanford, 1988)
Patricia Seed, "Marriage Promises and the Value of Woman's Testimony in Colonial Mexico," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 13/2 (1988), pp. 253-276
Elsewhere in Spanish America
Verena Martínez Alier, "Elopement and Seduction in Nineteenth Century Cuba," Past and Present, vol. 55, pp. 91-129
Martínez Alier, Verena, Marriage, Class and Colour in Nineteenth-Century Cuba, Cambridge University Press (New York, 1974), Part II
Pablo Rodríguez, Seducción, Amancebamiento y Abandono en la Colonia, Fundación Simian y Lola Guberek, Colección Historia, vol. 2, Editorial Ealon (Santa Fe de Bogotá, 1991), chapter 2: "Promesas, seducción, y matrimonio en Antioquia colonial"
Twinam, Ann, "Honor, Sexuality and Illegitimacy in Colonial Spanish America," in Asunción Lavrin (ed.), Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America, University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, 1989)
TERM 1: WEEK 8
The Feminine Ideal II
White women, virginity and sexuality in early 19th Century USA1. Explain the concept of 'passionlessness'. Was it repressive or liberating for women? Explain the 'cult of true womanhood'.
2. How did 19th century ideas about women's sexual desires intersect with class and race-based hierarchies?
3. How different are Anglo and Spanish American ideas about (white) female sexuality?Texts
Key texts
Victoria Bynum, Unruly Women: the Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South University of North Carolina Press (1992), chapter 2: "White Women, Black Women. Ideals and Realities in a Piedmont Slaveholding Society"
Nancy Cott, "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790-1850", Signs, vol. 4 (1978), pp. 219-236 (ALSO in Kathy Peiss (ed.), Major Problems in the History of American Sexuality, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, 2002))
Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South, University of North Carolina (1988), chapter 4: "Gender Conventions"
Lystra, Karen, 'Sexuality in Victorian Courtship and Marriage', in Kathy Peiss (ed.), Major Problems in the History of American Sexuality, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, 2002)
Anne Firor Scott, The Southern Lady: From Pedestal to Politics, 1830-1930, University of Chicago (1970), Part 1: The Antebellum Lady
Barbara Welter, "The Cult of True Womenhood," in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, Michael Gordon (editor), St. Martin's Press (New York, 1978)
Supplementary texts
John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York, 1988)
Estelle Freedman, "Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America: Behaviour, Ideology, and Politics", Reviews in American History, vol. 10 (1982)
Sally McMillen, Southern Women: Black and White in the Old South (1992)
J. and W. Pease, Ladies, Women and Wenches. Choices and Constraint in Antebellum Charleston and Boston, University of North Carolina (1990), chapter 7: "Propriety, Sexuality and Self-Control"
Theda Perdue, 'Southern Indians and the Cult of True Womenhood," in The Web of Southern Relations: Women, Family and Education, W. Fraser, R.F. Saunders and J. Wakelyn (eds) (1987)
Carroll Smith Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (NewYork, 1985)
TERM 1: WEEK 9
Manhood in Spanish and North America
Honour, Violence and Sexuality1. Compare and contrast the components of masculine honour in 18-19th century Spanish America and the USA.
2. How did a man demonstrate his honourable status? How did male honour intersect with female honour?Texts
USA
G.J. Barker-Benfield, "The Spermatic Economy: a Nineteenth Century View of Sexuality," in The American Family in social-Historical Perspective, Michael Gordon (editor), St. Martin's Press (New York, 1978)
Karen Hansen, "'Our Eyes Behold Each Other': Masculinity and Intimate Culture in Antebellum New England", Men's Friendships, Peter Nardi (ed.), (1992)
Robert Ireland, "The Libertine Must Die: Sexual Dishonour and the Unwritten Law in the Nineteenth-Century United States", Journal of Social History, vol. 23 (1989)
Kathy Peiss (ed.), Major Problems in the History of American Sexuality, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, 2002), chapter 4, doc. 4: 'Sylvester Graham Lectures Young Men on Self-restrains, 1839'
Charles Rosenberg, "Sexuality, Class and Role in Nineteenth Century America," American Quarterley, vol. 25 (1973), pp. 131-153
Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood (New York, 1993), Introduction and Chapter 1: "Community to Individual"
Anthony Rotundo, 'Learning about Manhood: Gender Ideals and the Middle-Class Family in 19th-Century America,' in Manliness and Morality. Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, J.A. Mangan and J. Walvin (eds), Manchester, 1987)
Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Honor and Violence in the Old South, OUP (1986), especially Chapter 5: "Sexual Honor, Expectation and Shame"
Spanish America
Chasteen, John Charles, 'Trouble between Men and Women: Machismo on Nineteenth-Century Estancias', in The Middle Period in Latin America: Values and Attitudes in the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries, Mark Szuchman (ed.) (Boulder, 1989)
Ramón Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away. Marriage, Sexuality and Power in New Mexico, 1500-1846, Chapter 5: "Honor and Social Status" and Chapter 6: 'Honor and Virtue'
Cheryl English Martin, "Popular Speech and Social Order in Northern Mexico, 1650-1830", Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 32:2 (1990)
Steve Stern, The Secret History of Gender: Men, Women and Power in Late Colonial Mexico (Chapel Hill, 1995), chapters 2 and 7
European comparisons
Pitt-Rivers, Julian, The People of the Sierra (1971), chapter 8.
Pitt-Rivers, Julian, 'Honor', in The Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (second edition) (New York, 1968)
Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes. Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (1987), chapter 2: 'Ye are all one in Christ Jesus': Men, Women and Religion", and Chapter 9: "Lofty Pine and Slender Vine: Living with Gender in the Middle Class"
TERM 1: WEEK 10
Sexuality, Class and Race1. Account for the simultaneous eroticisation and prohibition of inter-racial sex.
2. How different were attitudes towards inter-racial sex in Spanish America and the American South?Texts
Key Readings
Peter Bardaglio, "Rape and the Law in the Old South: 'Calculated to Excite Indignation in Every Heart'", Journal of Southern History, vol. 60 (1994)
Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the 19th-Century South (Yale University Press, 1997)
Winthrop Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes Towards the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill, 1968), chapter 4: "Fruits of Passion"
Diane Sommerville, "The Rape Myth in the Old South Reconsidered", Journal of Southern History, vol. 61 (1995), pp. 480-518
USA
Kathleen Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race and Power in Colonial Virginia, chapter 10: 'Anxious Patriarchs"
Victoria Bynum, Unruly Women: the Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South, (Chapel Hill, 1992), chapter 2: "White Womanhood, Black Womanhood: Ideals and Realities in a Piedmont Slaveholding Society"
Catherine Clinton, "'Southern Dishonour': Flesh, Blood, Race and Bondage," in In Joy and In Sorrow: Women, Family and Marriage in the Victorian South, 1830-1900, Carol Bleser (editor), OUP (1991)
Leslie Fiedler, 'Come Back to the Raft Ag'in, Huck honey", in An End to Innocence
Thelma Jennings, 'Us Colored Women had to Go Through a Plenty," Journal of Women's History vol. 1 (1990)
J. and W. Pease, Ladies, Women and Wenches. Choices and Constraint in Antebellum Charleston and Boston, University of North Carolina (1990), chapter 8: "the World of Wenches"
Latin America and the Caribbean
García, Juan Andreo and Alberto José Gullón Abao, 'Vida y muerte de la Mulata': Crónica ilustrada de la prostitución en la Cuba del XIX', Anuario de Estudios Americanos, vol. LIV:1 (1997)
Gilberto Freyre, The Masters and the Slaves: a Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization (1986, first published in 1933), chapters 4-5: 'the Negro Slave in the Sexual and Family Life of the Brazilian'.
Sandra Lauderdale Graham, House and Street: the Domestic World of Servants and Masters in Nineteenth Century Rio de Janeiro, University of Texas (Austin, 1988), chapter 2: "The Work," and chapter 3: "Private Lives and Public Places"
Douglas Hall, In Miserable Slavery: Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica, 1750-86, Warwick University Caribbean Studies, Macmillan (1989)
Vera Kutzinski, Sugar's Secrets and the Erotics of Cuban Nationalism (1993)
Abolitionist discourse
John Saillant, "The Black Body Erotic and the Republican Body Politic, 1790-1820", Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 5:3 (1995)
Roland Walters, "The Erotic South: Civilisation and Sexuality in American Absolutism," American Quarterley, vol. 25 (1973), pp. 177-201
TERM 2: WEEK 1
Introduction to Love
1. What is marriage? Has the meaning of marriage changed since 1500? What is 'companionate marriage'?
2. Does 'romantic love' exist, and is it different from other varieties of love?
3. Do you agree that 'romantic marriage is a by-product of the rise of capitalistic, contractual and individualistic societies" (A. MacFarlane)?Texts
Core readings
MacFarlane, Alan, Marriage and Love in England: Modes of Reproduction, 1300-1840 (1986), chapters 1-2, chapter 7, and the conclusion
Stone, Lawrence, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, Harper and Row (London, 1977), chapter 1: "Problems, Methods and Definitions" and chapter 8: "The Companionate Marriage"
Trumbach, Randolph, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family (New York, 1978)
Supplementary reading
Adair, James, Courtship, Illegitimacy and Marriage in Early Modern England (Manchester, 1996)
Casey, James, The History of the Family (Oxford, 1989)
Davidoff, Leonore and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes. Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (1987)
Flandrin, J., Families in Former Times: Kinship, Household and Sexuality (Cambridge, 1979)
Goody, Jack, The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge, 1983)
Houlbrooke, Ralph, The English Family, 1450-1700 (1984), Introduction and Chapter 2
O'Day, Rosemary, The Family and Family Relationships, 1500-1900: England, France and the United States of America, Macmillan (1994), chapter 1: "The World that Slips through our Fingers"
Wheaton, R., and T. Hareven (eds.), Family and Sexuality in French History (1980), introduction
TERM 2: WEEK 2
The Colonial Marriage I
Concubinage and marriage patterns in Spanish America
1. What is 'marriage', and how common was it? What forms of marriage were practised in colonial Spanish America? What is 'concubinage'?
2. What did men and women expect from marriage?Texts
The Experience of Marriage
Richard Boyer, The Lives of the Bigamists: Marriage, Family and Community in Colonial Mexico, University of New Mexico Press (Austin, 1995), chapter 4: "Married Life"
Thomas Calvo, 'The Warmth of the Hearth: Seventeenth-Century Guadalajara Families', in Asuncion Lavrin (ed.), Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America (Lincoln, 1989)
John Chance, Race and Class in Colonial Oaxaca, (Stanford, 1978), chapter XX
Ramón Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away. Marriage, Sexuality and Power in New Mexico, 1500-1846, Stanford University Press (Stanford, 1991), chapter 9
Asunción Lavrin, "In Search of the Colonial Woman in Mexico: the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," in Latin American Women: Historical Perspectives, Asunción Lavrin (editor), (Westport, 1978)
Luis Martín, The Daughters of the Conquistadores: Women of the Viceroyalty of Peru, University of New Mexico (Albuquerque, 1983), chapter 3: "Homemakers and Encomenderas", and chapter 5: "Marriages, Dowries and Annulments"
Susana Menéndez and Barbara Potthast (eds), Cuadernos de Historia Latinoamericana, vol. 4: "Mujer y Familia en América Latina, siglos XVIII-XX" (1996) (I have a copy of this that you may borrow.)
Pablo Rodríguez, Seducción, Amancebamiento y Abandono en la Colonia, Fundación Simian y Lola Guberek, Colección Historia, vol. 2, Editorial Ealon (Santa Fe de Bogotá, 1991), chapter 2: "Por una historia de la familia colonial colombiana"
Cecilia Salinas, Las Chilenas de la Colonia: Virtud Sumisa, Amor Rebelde, Ediciones LAM (Santiago, 1994), chapter 5: "Matrimonio"
René Salinas, Amor y matrimonio en Chile tradicional (Valparaíso, 1991)
Steve Stern, The Secret History of Gender: Men, Women and Power in Late Colonial Mexico (Chapel Hill, 1995)
Armila Troconis de Veracochea, Indias, esclavas, mantuanas y primeras damas (Caracas, 1990)
Concubinage and consensual unions
Solange Alberro et al., El placer de pecar y el afán de normar: ideologías y comportamientos familiares y sexuales en el México colonial, Planeta (Mexico, 1986)
Juan Almécija, La Familia en la Provincia de Venezuela, MAPFRE (1992), chapter 5: "¿Preferían los venezolanos el concubinato antes que el matrimonio?"
Thomas Calvo, 'Concubinato y mestizzaje en el medio urbano: el caso de Guadalajara en el siglo XVII', Revista de Indias, vol. 44:173 (1984)
Asunción Lavrin, "Sexuality in Colonial Mexico: A Church Dilemma," in Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America, Asunción Lavrin (editor), University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, 1989)
Anthony McFarlane, "Las reglas religiosas en una sociedad colonial: el concubinato en la Nueva Granada, siglo XVIII," Iglesia, religión y sociedad en la historia latinoamericana, 1492-1945, vol. 2 (Szeged, Hungary, 1989)
Luis Martín, The Daughters of the Conquistadores: Women of the Viceroyalty of Peru, University of New Mexico (Albuquerque, 1983), chapter 6: "Divorces, Concubines and Repentant Women"
Carlos Mayo, "'Amistades ilícitas': las relaciones extramatrimoniales en la campaña bonaerense, 1750-1810," Cuadernos de Historia Regional, (Buenos Aires), vol. 1/2 (1985), pp. 3-9
Sergio Ortega, "Teología novohispana sobre el matrimonio y comportamientos sexuales, 1519-1570", in Sergio Ortega, De la Santidad a la Perversión, o porqué no se cumplía la Ley de Dios en la Sociedad Novohispana, Grijalba (Mexico, 1985)
Pablo Rodríguez, Seducción, Amancebamiento y Abandono en la Colonia, Fundación Simian y Lola Guberek, Colección Historia, vol. 2, Editorial Ealon (Santa Fe de Bogotá, 1991), chapter 3: "El Amancebamiento en Medellín, siglos XVIII-XIX"
Kathy Waldron, "The Sinners and the Bishop in Colonial Venezuela: The Visita of Bishop Mariano Martí, 1771-1784," in Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America, Asunción Lavrin (editor), University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, 1989)
TERM 2: WEEK 3
The Colonial Marriage II
Marriage patterns in 17th century North America
1. What features did men and women seek in a spouse? How much control did individuals have over their marriage?
2. How different were marriageways in New England from those in the Chesapeake?Texts
Comparative Studies
Berkin, Carol and Mary Beth Norton, Women of America, Houghton Mifflin (1979), chapters by Wells and Norton
Coontz, Stephanie The Social Origins of Private Life: A History of American Families, 1600-1900, Verso (1988), Chapter 3: "Households and Communities in Colonial America"
Mintz, Steven and Susan Kellogg, Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Family Life (1988), chapters 1-2
O'Day, Rosemary The Family and Family Relationships, 1500-1900: England, France and the United States of America, Macmillan (1994), chapter 3: "The Descriptive Family I," and chapter 4: "The Descriptive Family II"
Woloch, Nancy (ed.), Early American Women: A Documentary History, 1600-1900 (1992), chapter 2: 'Well Ordered Families'
Chesepeake
Brown, Kathleen, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill, 1996)
Fischer, David Hackett Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, Oxford (1989), sections on Family-, marriage-, gender- and sex-ways in Virginia, Delaware Valley, and the Backcountry (pp. 83-93, 274-306, 481-502, 662-683)
Carr, Lois Green and Lorena Walsh, "The Planter's Wife: the Experience of White Women in Seventeenth-Century Maryland," William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 34, pp. 542-571
New England
Demos, John, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony (New York, 1970)
Fischer, David Hackett Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, Oxford (1989), sections on Family-, marriage-, gender- and sex-ways in Massachusetts (pp. 83-93, 274-306, 481-502, 662-683)
Greven, Philip, Four Generations: Population, Land and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, 1970)
Ulrich, Laura Thatcher, Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (New York, 1982)
TERM 2: WEEKS 4-5
Romantic Love and Arranged Marriages
Courtship and parental control: eighteenth century marriage legislation and the choice of a partner
1. During the eighteenth century how much control did prospective partners have over the decision to marry? Did parental control over the marriage decision increase or decrease during the eighteenth century?
2. What evidence do you see for the existence in eighteenth century America of romantic love or Lawrence Stone-style companionate marriage?Texts
BOTH WEEKS: Aim to read at least one starred (***) work, as well as several others.
Week 4: Spanish America
Mexico:
Edith Couturier, "Women and the Family in Eighteenth-century Mexico: Law and Practice," Journal of Family History, vol. 10:3 (1985), pp. 294-304
***Ramón Gutiérrez, 'From Honor to Love: Transformation of the Meaning of Sexuality in Colonial New Mexico', in Raymond Smith (ed.), Interpreting Kinship Ideology and Practice in Latin America (Chapel Hill, 1984)
***Ramón Gutiérrez, "Honor, Ideology, Marriage Negotiation and Class-Gender Domination in New Mexico, 1690-1846," Latin American Perspectives, vol. 12 (1985), pp. 81-104
***Ramón Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away. Marriage, Sexuality and Power in New Mexico, 1500-1846, Stanford University Press (Stanford, 1991), chapters 7, 8, 10
Robert McCaa, "Gustos de los Padres, Inclinaciones de los Novios y Reglas de una Feria Nupcial Colonial: Parral, 1770-1810," Historia Mexicana, vol. XL:4 (1991)
McCaa, Robert, "Marriageways in Mexico and Spain, 1500-1900", Continuity and Change, vol. 9 (1994), pp. 11-43
***Patricia Seed, "The Church and the Patriarchal Family: Marriage Conflicts in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century New Spain," Journal of Family History, vol. 10:3 (1985), pp. 284-293
***Patricia Seed, The Love, Honour and Obey in Colonial Mexico: Conflicts over Marriage Choice, 1574-1821, (Stanford, 1988)
Elsewhere in Spanish America:
***Verena Martínez Alier, Marriage, Class and Colour in Nineteenth-Century Cuba, Cambridge University Press (New York, 1974), Part I
Daisy Rípodas Ardanaz, El matrimonio en Indias: Realidad social y regulación jurídica, (Buenos Aires, 1977)
Pablo Rodríguez, Seducción, Amancebamiento y Abandono en la Colonia, Fundación Simian y Lola Guberek, Colección Historia, vol. 2, Editorial Ealon (Santa Fe de Bogotá, 1991), chapter 4: "Elección matrimonial y conflicto inter-étnico en Antioquia"
Susan Socolow, "Acceptable Partners: Marriage Choice in Colonial Argentina, 1778-1810," in Asunción Lavrin (editor), Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America, University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, 1989)
Shumway, Jeffrey, 'The Purity of my Blood Cannot Put Food on my Table': Changing Attitudes Towards Interracial Marriage in 19th-Century Buenos Aires', The Americas, vol. 58:2 (2001)
Szuchman, Mark, 'A Challenge to the Patriarchs: Love among the Youth of Nineteenth Century Argentina', in The Middle Period in Latin America: Values and Attitudes in the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries, Mark Szuchman (ed.) (Boulder, 1989)Week 5: North America
Coontz, Stephanie The Social Origins of Private Life: A History of American Families, 1600-1900, Verso (1988), Chapter 4: "The American Revolution and the Early Republic: Democracy, Inequality and the Family"
***Fliegelman, Jay Prodigals and Pilgrims: the American Revolution Against Patriarchal Authority, 1750-1800, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, 1982), especially chapter 5: 'Affective Unions and the New Voluntarism'
Gordon, Michael and Charles Bernstein, "Mate Choice and Domestic Life in the Nineteenth Century Marriage Manual," Journal of Marriage and the Family, vol. 32 (1970), pp. 665-74
Lantz, Herman, et al, 'Pre-Industrial Patterns in the Colonial Family in America: A Contents Analysis of Colonial Magazines', American Sociological Review, vol. 33 (1968)
***Lewis, Jan The Pursuit of Happiness:" Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia, chapter 5: "Earthly Connexions: Love"
***Mintz, Steven and Susan Kellogg, Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Family Life (1988), chapters 1-3
Rothman, Ellen "Sex and Self-Control: Middle-Class Courtship in America, 1770-1870", Journal of Social History, vol. 15 (1982)
Smith, Daniel Blake, Inside the Great House: Planter Family Life in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Society (Ithaca, 1980),
Smith, Daniel Scott "Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: an Analysis of Historical Trends in Higham, Massachusetts," Journal of Marriage and the Family, vol. 35 (1973) (This essay is also published in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, Michael Gordon (editor), St. Martin's Press (New York, 1978))TERM 2: WEEK 6: Reading Week
TERM 2: WEEKS 7-8
The Slave Marriage
Degrees of choice, strategies for control
1. How different were slave marriages from the marriages of free people?
2. What role did marriage play in the experience of slavery?
3. How much control did slaves have over their marriages?Texts
Week 7: North America
Margaret Burnham, "An Impossible Marriage: Slave Law and Family Law," Law and Inequality, vol. 5 (1987)
Dusinberre, William, Them Dark Days. Slavery in the American Rice Swamps, (Oxford, 1996) chapter 4: 'Unhappy Families'
Herbert Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925, Pantheon (New York, 1976)
Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work and the Family, from Slavery to the Present (1985), chapter 1
Allan Kulikoff, "The Beginnings of the Afro-American Family in Maryland," in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, Michael Gordon (editor), St. Martin's Press (New York, 1978)
Melton McLaurin, Celia: A Slave (1991)
Steven Mintz and Susan Kellogg, Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Family Life (1988), Chapter 4
Norton, Mary Beth, Herbert Gutman, and Ira Berlin, 'The Afro-American Family in the Age of Revolution', in Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution, Ira Berlin and Ronald Hoffman (eds) (Charlottesville, 1983)
Kathy Peiss (ed.), Major Problems in the History of American Sexuality, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, 2002), chapter 5: Sexuality, Race and Violence in Slavery and Freedom'
Brenda Stevenson, "Distress and Discord in Virginia Slave Families, 1830-1860," in In Joy and In Sorrow: Women, Family and Marriage in the Victorian South, 1830-1900, Carol Bleser (editor), OUP (1991)
For comparisons with the families of free blacks
Paul Lammermeier, "The Urban Black Family of the Nineteenth Century: A study of Black Family Structure in the Ohio Valley, 1850-1880," Journal of Marriage and the Family, vol. 35 (1973), pp. 440-56
James Roark and Michael Johnson, "Strategies for Survival: Free Negro Families and the Problem of Slavery," in Carol Bleser (ed.), In Joy and in Sorrow: Women, Family and Marriage in the Victorian South, 1830-1900 (Oxford, 1991)
Week 8: Latin America
Brazil
Graham, Richard, 'Slave Families of a Rural Estate in Colonial Brazil', Journal of Social History, vol. 9 (1976)
Karasch, Mary, Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro, 1680-1800 (Princeton, 1987)
Mattoso, Katia M. de Queirós "Slave, Free and Freed Family Structures in Nineteenth Century Salvador, Bahia," Luso-Brazilian Review, vol. 25 (1988), pp. 69-84
Mattoso, Katia M. de Queirós, To be a Slave in Brazil, 1550-1888 (New Brunswick, 1986)
Metcalf, Alida, "Searching for the Slave Family in Colonial Brazil," Journal of Family History, vol. 16:3 (1991), pp. 283-97
Ramos, Donald, 'Marriage and the Family in Colonial Vila Rica', Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 55 (1975)
Schwartz, Stuart, Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society (Cambridge, 1985)
Elsewhere in Latin America
Almécija, Juan, La Familia en la Provincia de Venezuela, MAPFRE (1992), chapter 6: "La familia esclava"
Chandler, David, "Family Bonds and the Bondsman: the Slave Family in Colonial Colombia," Latin American Research Review, vol. 16:2 (1981), pp. 107-131
Hünefeldt, Christine, Paying the Price of Freedom: Family and Labour among Lima's Slaves, (Berkeley, 1994), chapter 4: "Matrimonial Alliances and Conflicts"
Lokken, Paul, 'Marriage as Slave Emancipation in 17th-Century Rural Guatemala', The Americas, vol. 58:2 (2001)
TERM 2: WEEKS 9-10
Bigamy, Divorce and Marital Breakdown
1. Can unhappy marriages be used to study 'normal' marriage?
2. What sorts of activity or event might lead to marital breakdown?
3. What possibilities were open to individuals unhappy with their partner?
4. Does divorce reveal a 'concern for personal satisfaction within marriage' (Robert Wells)?Texts
Week 9: North America
The South
Victoria Bynum, Unruly Women: the Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South, (Chapel Hill, 1992), chapter 3: "The Limits of Paternalism: Property, Divorce and Domestic Relations"
Jane Turner Censer, "'Smiling through her Tears': Ante-Bellum Southern Women and Divorce", American Journal of Legal History, vol. 25 (1981)
Robert Ireland, "The Libertine Must Die: Sexual Dishonour and the Unwritten Law in the Nineteenth-Century United States", Journal of Social History, vol. 23 (1989)
New England
Nancy Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records", Journal of Social History Vol. 10 (1976)
Nancy Cott, "Divorce and the Changing Status of Women in Nineteenth Century Massachusetts," William and Mary Quarterley, vol. 33 (1976) (This essay is also published in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, Michael Gordon (editor), St. Martin's Press (New York, 1978)
Kelly Weisberg, "Under Great Temptations Heer: Women and Divorce in Puritan Massachusetts," Feminist Studies, vol. 2 (1975), pp. 183-194
Other Studies
Blake, Nelson Manfred, The Road to Reno: A History of Divorce in the United States (New York, 1962)
Robert Griswold, "Divorce and the Legal Redefinition of Victorian Manhood," in Meanings for Manhood, Marc Carnes and Clyde Griffen (editors), University of Chicago Press (1990)
Griswold, Robert, Family and Divorce in California, 1850-1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany, 1982)
For comparisons with England, see
A. Horstman, Victorian Divorce (London, 1985)
R. Phillips, Putting Asunder: A History of Divorce in Western Society (Cambridge, 1989)
R. Phillips, Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce (Cambridge, 1991)
L. Stone, Broken Lives: Separation and Divorce in England, 1660-1857, Oxford (1993)Week 10: Latin America
Mexico
Silvia Arrom, The Women of Mexico City, 1790-1857, Stanford University Press (Stanford, 1985), chapter 5: "Marital Relations and Divorce"
Richard Boyer, The Lives of the Bigamists: Marriage, Family and Community in Colonial Mexico, University of New Mexico Press (Austin, 1995)
María Elena Cortés Jácome, "No tengo más delito que haberme casado otra vez, o de cómo la perversión no siempre está donde se cree", in Sergio Ortega, De la Santidad a la Perversión, o porqué no se cumplía la Ley de Dios en la Sociedad Novohispana, Grijalba (Mexico, 1985)
Dolores Enciso Rojas, "Un caso de perversión de las normas matrimoniales: el bígamo José de la Peña," in Sergio Ortega, De la Santidad a la Perversión, o porqué no se cumplía la Ley de Dios en la Sociedad Novohispana, Grijalba (Mexico, 1985)
Dolores Enciso Rojas, "Matrimonio y Bigamia en la Capital del Virreinato", in Familias Novohispanas, siglos XVI al XIX, El Colegio de México (1991)
Elsewhere in Latin America
Cicerchia, Ricardo, "Vida familiar y prácticas conyugales: Clases populares en una ciudad colonial," Boletín del Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana, 3ed series (1990), pp. 91-109
Cook, Alexandra Parma, and Noble David Cook, Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance: a Case of Transatlantic Bigamy, Duke University Press (Durham, 1991)
Lavallé, Bernard, Divorcio y nulidad de matrimonio en Lima (1651-1700): la desavenencia conyugal como revelador social (Talence, 1986)
Martín, Luis, The Daughters of the Conquistadores: Women of the Viceroyalty of Peru, university of New Mexico (Albuquerque, 1983), chapter 6: "Divorces, Concubines and Repentant Women"
Nizza da Silva, María Beatriz, "Divorce in Colonial Brazil: the Case of São Paulo," in Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America, Asunción Lavrin (editor), University of Nebraska Press (Lincoln, 1989)
Presta, Ana María, 'Portraits of Four Women: Traditional Female Roles and Transgressions in Colonial Elite Families in Charcas, 1550-1600', Colonial Latin American Review vol. 9:2 (2000)
For comparisons with Spain, see
Allyson Poska, "When Love goes Wrong: Getting out of Marriage in 17th Century Spain," Journal of Social History, vol. 29:4 (1996)
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Adair, James Courtship, Illegitimacy and Marriage in Early Modern England (Manchester, 1996)
Barker, Hannah, and Elaine Chalus (eds), Gender in Eighteenth Century England: Roles, Representations and Responsibilities (Longman, 1997)
Barker-Benfield, G.J., The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain, (Chicago, 1993)
Boucé, Paul-Gabriel (ed.), Sexuality in Eighteenth Century Britain, (Manchester, 1982)
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Hufton, Olwen, The Prospect before Her: a History of Women in Western Europe, 1500-1800, HarperCollins (London, 1995)
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Zonabend, Francoise "An Anthropological Perspective on Kinship and the Family", in Andre Burguiere et al, A History of the Family, vol. 1Background Reading on the Americas
Bakewell, Peter, A History of Latin America, (Blackwell, 1997)
Bethell, Leslie (ed.), Colonial Spanish America, (Cambridge University Press, 1987)
Borrstin, Daniel, The Americans: the colonial experience
Brogan, Hugo, The Penguin History of the USA (1985)
Bumsted, J.M., (ed.), Interpreting Canada's Past: Volume 1: Pre-Confederation, (Oxford University Press, 1993)
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Burkholder, Mark and Lyman Johnson, Colonial Latin America, (Oxford University Press, 1990)
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Greene J.P., and J R Pole (eds), Colonial British America
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Kammen, Michael, People of Parardox
Katz, Stanley (ed.), Colonial America
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Lockhart, James and Stuart Schwartz, Early Latin America, (Cambridge University Press, 1983)
McFarlane, Anthony, The British in the Americas (Longman)
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Simmons, Richard, The American colonies from settlement to independence
Smith, James, (ed.) 17th Century America
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Williamson, Edwin, The Penguin History of Latin America, (Penguin, 1992)
Woodcock, George, A Social History of Canada (Viking, 1988)
Zinn, Howard, The People's History of the USA, (1980)Conquest, Colonialisation and Evangelisation
Alva, Bartolomé de, 'Large Guide to Confession (Confessionario Mayor)', A Guide to Confession Large and Small in the Mexican Language, 1634, B. Sell and J.F. Schwaller (eds) (Norman, 1999)
Anderson, Karen, Chain Her by One Foot: The Subjugation of Women in Seventeenth-Century New France (London, 1991)
Axtell, James, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (Oxford, 1985)
Axtell, James, Indian Peoples of Eastern America
Azoulai, Martine, "Para la historia de la evangelización en América: los confesionarios," Allpanchis, (Peru), vol. 13 (1983)
Brooks, Francis "Motecuzoma Xoyocotyl, Hernán Cortés, and Bernal Díaz del Castillo: The Construction of an Arrest," Hispanic American historical Review, vol. 75:2 (1995)
Brown, Kathleen Good Wives, Nasty Wenches and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race and Power in Colonial Virginia, chapter 1: "Gender and English Identity on the Eve of Colonial Settlement"
Burkhart, Louise, 'Mujeres mexicas en 'el frente' del hogar: trabajo doméstico y religión en el México azteca', Mesoamérica, vol. 23 (1992)
Clendinnen, Inga, 'Yucatec Maya Women and the Spanish Conquest: Role and Ritual in Historical Reconstruction', Journal of Social History, vol. 15 (1982)
Clendinnen, Inga, 'Disciplining the Indians: Franciscan Ideology and Missionary Violence in Sixteenth Century Yucatán', Past and Present, vol. 94 (1982)
Clendinnen, Inga, 'The Cost of Courage in Aztec Society', Past and Present, vol. 107 (1985)
Clendinnen, Inga, The Aztecs, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, 1991)
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